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Welcome to the official WWII Archives Manual of Style (shortened to WAMoS). The WAMoS is divided into different sections, the first being about the proper mentality of historical analysis, the second being about sources and citing them, the third

For anything that has to do with Multimedia (uploaded files), see the Multimedia Guide.

Principles of the historical process and debating on the WWII Archives

In order to participate in a history project of this magnitude, it will be required to have at least a basic understanding of the historical method, having debates, discussions, arguments, how to analyze sources, how to think critically, asking questions, and more. This is especially for those who just readily accept claims and sources as fact without questioning the source, where it came from, who created it, etc. Therefore it is vitally important to read this part of this article carefully, so as to fulfill the goal and philosophy of the WWII Archives. This not only applies to writing about historical events, but every kind of subject out there that could be written about on the Archives, such as your ancestors, places, other people, etc.

1 - Keep the conversation civil

In focusing with achieving the goal of the WWII Archives, everyone must debate and speak in a peaceful, civil, and respectful manor. Even if you strongly disagree with the opposing side's point of your, you must still speak respectfully, no throwing insults its just a waste of time

2 - Remember, history changes!

The study of history has constantly changed throughout time. It is through this reinterpretations, new evidence, questioning of the accepted view, and much more that has brought us to our interpretations today. Therefore to be a historian is to be a revisionist (unlike denialists and distortionists). If not, you're not doing history right, and we will never know the truth. The following are a list of useful pieces of advice for trying to get to what really happened.

2-1 - We all are biased

Every single person has bias. The human brain isn't perfect, no matter how neutral a perspective tries or claims to be, they are limited to what they had observed, their life experiences, how well they remember things, their upbringing, their environment, and their state of being. Even a video recording is biased. You can't see whats behind the camera, or behind that wall. The cameraman is also choosing what to look at. This extends beyond the sources. The people interpreting them are biased as well. This includes you, your parents, your friends, everyone you know, a genealogist, archeologist, historians, even a group of experts who have a consensus on a subject are biased. None of this means that everything we know is entirely incorrect, it just means that it is something we need to understand when interpreting or reading others' interpretations. Therefore:

Consensuses aren't always correct
You must recognize the potential and general bias you or others have when interpreting something

2-2 - Use the right question to question things

Among all the great questions you could ask that will get us closer to the truth, But is this actually true? is the most important. Whenever you hear a claim about something, whether from an interpretation of events or from primary sources themselves, that question is always the best thing to first ask. If you have a certain belief about something, ask yourself that question. It is by first asking this question that we could begin overcoming a myth, a falsehood, dogma, and other kinds of things that we get wrong.

2-3 - Being skeptical about sources and interpreting them

While you are interpreting any source, and especially having asked the aforementioned question, it is important to be critical about the sources you are reading. You need to put the source under scrutiny before you truly can begin to understand them. Before going over some of these questions, you need to understand what each type of source is.

Primary, secondary, and tertiary sources

There are generally three types of sources, which will be used in any claim, interpretation, etc to back up an argument.

First there are primary sources. A primary source is a source of info that was created by a witness and/or someone involved in the event or subject you're studying. For example a primary source for an individual soldier would be letters to him and from him, photographs and film of him, a journal or diary written by him, an interview of him or of someone who he told his story to or witnessed what he did, among many other things.

A secondary source is a source that interprets and analyzes the sources (primary or secondary) about the subject it is studying. This could include books, documentaries, etc. Normally, the WWII Archives would be considered a secondary source, because a big part of it is writing interpretations of events in the articles. However it could also be a primary source, if you are citing a digitized document, photograph, etc or an interview.

Tertiary sources are not that all important, it is just an index or consolidation of primary and secondary sources that doesn't add any more interpretations or analysis. Wikipedia among other encyclopedias fall into this category. Do not think that the WWII Archives is such though.

Context

One other thing that is important to understand of any source is its context that it was written in. This corroborates with the author(s)'s /source's bias. You will be able to understand the context by asking the questions below.

Critiquing the sources with these questions

The following are the kinds of questions that you should ask when interpreting, analyzing, and evaluating any source. They are important to try and figure out what the context, bias, etc of the source in question is.

For primary sources these could be.

Who authored/created this source?
When and where did they create/author it?
Who was their intended audience?
Why did they create it?
What are their perspectives and biases?
What are they saying?
What is the surrounding context behind this document and person?
What possible motives did they have?
How does it stand up to other sources, does it contradict them?
How did they create it?
How authentic is this source? is it the original or faithful copy?
How valuable is its content?

etc.

For secondary sources:

Who authored it?
When or where was it written?
What is the context (good in some cases)?
What sorts of perspectives or biases do they have? How do they try to mitigate that bias and be objective?
Are they trying to push a certain agenda?
What evidence do they use?
Is their evidence contextualized and represented well?
Is there evidence that they are leaving out?
Are there any contradictions in their argument?
Have anyone else, especially other researchers, scholars, and academics, said or peer reviewed their works and/or their argument?
Does their evidence support their claim?

etc.

With these kinds of questions, instead of just taking what you hear at face value, and question what you hear or read, you will be able to get on the path to finding truth.

3 - Back up your claim with good evidence, sources, and reasoning

When you've gathered your sources, you will begin to interpret them and use them to back up your claims. You must provide reasoning as to why your or others' certain interpretation of the sources is the correct one. Make sure as well, that there aren't other sources, evidence, and arguments that contradict or go against your claims and arguments, this isn't about winning the argument, its about advancing our knowledge.

4 - Be open-minded and willing to listen and accept the other side's arguments

In a historical debate it is always great to keep an open mind to other ideas instead of just clinging to one point of view. This is so that if a better interpretation of sources and evidence comes up on top over the other ones that you didn't believe before, it will be easier to accept them. Too often do people want for their point of view to be the truth, but its uncommon for people to actually be willing to accept that they might have been wrong.

Be neutral

Although as mentioned you and every other human being has some sort of bias, it is important to recognize that bias and try to view things from all perspectives and to question everything.

5 - Be clear about your argument/message

If you're going to write anything that will be backed up by evidence, you need to be clear about what you're saying and actually arguing. Read through what you've written before it is published. Make sure that you don't have contradictions or other errors as well.

6 - A good claim should be able to withstand going back through the sources

When making a claim, you must make sure that it can withstand going back through the sources, evidence, and context. You must look out for contradictions and address them if they don't agree with your argument or claims.

7 - Reach a compromise and see which argument is the best

History is not black and white, and often neither do absolutes actually work. Almost always is the true answer somewhere in the middle. You need to take the pros and cons among other things, making concessions and compromises, and taking what each side of the argument got right and try to form a new argument. People need to get out of the idea that one thing was absolutely true or wasn't true.

In doing this, the goal is to see which argument gets to the top or is the best of all of the interpretations of the sources. Unless if that argument is challenged, then the best argument has been reached.

Writing articles

This section deals with how articles are to be written.

How articles should be written

Be objective as possible. It is important to try and be objective as possible while writing a history, although it must be recognized that every writer has biases and therefore nothing written is neutral. However, it is still important to try and be objective and to try and fit yourself into the shoes of the person being written about or the situation.
Write in a chronological order kind of matter. This is not an encyclopedia, almost everything about a subject will be written out chronologically through the Background, event, Aftermath, Legacy, etc sections of each article, and each individual part will be written out as it develops, instead of the different aspects of the subject. Conclusions/claims about a subject will be written in two different ways. The first is when you are writing about a conclusion/claim that was made in the historiography of the subject. That will go in the Aftermath or Legacy type sections. Otherwise you can make a conclusion about something neutrally after you had just described events, sources, etc.
Write in neutral language. That is, do not use "you", "I", "me", etc unless if you are quoting something that uses those kinds of pronouns in reference to you or you and a group. Instead use things such as "He", "she", "they", "It is __ that…", "One might __ that…", etc, or just use names.

General structure of an article

There are multiple different types of articles, but an article always follows this layout:

Summary
Index table
Main information template box to the right
Article content
Citations
Bibliography
1. Works Cited
2. Other Sources (if necessary)

Types of articles

Category Navigation

There are eight different types of articles. Each one's content is specific to its own type of article because of its subject. Each category has a category for those types of articles, and therefore whenever you are creating an article you must put it in one of these categories. The structure of these articles should be followed exactly as stated, unless if the editor is in a unique situation and sees something better as fit. For more broad type of articles the editor will have more of a choice to Under are a list of the different types of articles, with an explanation about each one. Under is a table listing each type of article, and each section of the article that should be used or recommended to be used in order.

Event - An article that describes a historical event.
Biographical - Biographical articles are biographies of an individual person, or maybe even an animal or insect
Geographic Location - These describe geographical locations such as a town, city, mountain, ocean, forest, country, state, house, specific spot, street, etc explaining their history in chronological order
Group - Broad type of article that is about the history of a particular group. It could be a political party, a resistance group, a music group, an ethnic group, government, organization, branch of government, business, military unit, etc.
Technology - Another broad article type which includes things like vehicles, machines, tools, weapons, electronics, etc, something that serves a functionality built by humans.
Work - Another broad one that usually includes a work of art or literature. It could also be for example a famous scientific publication or some political manifesto. Generally if it is known enough to not just be a Multimedia Page then it deserves to be an article. Generally a Work article should be linked to one or more Multimedia Pages if possible.
Idea Articles - The last kind which is also broad. This category fits things such as political, economic, scientific, mathematical, philosophical, religious, etc theories, concepts, ideas, laws, ideologies, beliefs, etc.
Other Articles - If the thing you are writing about fits into none of the categories then it could be considered another type of article or miscellaneous.

Types of articles and their sections in order
	Event		Biography	Group		Technology		Work		Idea
1	Background	Context, what was happening before the event	Before birth	Background		Background	Not used if not necessary	Background		Background
2	Prelude	Just before the event	Childhood	Beginning/Creation/Formation	Can be one of these options	Development	May go with development header	Creation	Can be rewritten as The writing of …, The painting of …, etc	Conceptualization
3	Event	This section can be named whatever depending on the situation	Adulthood	Fall/Dissolution/Destruction	Can be one of these options	Production	Can be renamed, reused, and split into many different ways	Use	If necessary	Legacy
4	Aftermath		After death	Aftermath	Only if group no longer exists	Use	Can also be renamed, reused, and split into many different ways, unless if it is still used	Reaction/ Reception
5	Long term effects	Optional	Legacy	Legacy		Discontinuance		Legacy
6	Legacy	Can be merged with Long term effects Also optional				Legacy	Only if necessary

Units of Measurement

When putting units of measurement, the metric system will always be either the only one used, or used with another system of measurement (especially imperial). For the latter case, you will have one unit being presented, with the other in conversion in parenthesis. For example, "Exactly 270 miles (434.5229 km)." Whichever way that the source or context you are dealing with presents a system of measurement, will be presented first, with the conversion presented in parenthesis. For the context, if it is a country or group that uses a particular system of measurement (such as the US, Canada, UK, etc with the Imperial system) then the measurement will be presented in Imperial first. If the context is one that uses both metric and another system (for example in a battle in Europe that involved the US against the Germans and others), then metric will be presented first in metric then in imperial.

Different systems of measurement that will be commonly used include:

Distance and length
Mass
Time
Temperature

When dealing with time, the same applies as with the metric vs other systems of measurement. This time the 24-hour clock (whether its military or non-military using the : or not) in place of metric and 12-hour clock in place of the imperial system.

Other systems of measurement for scientific purposes can also be used.

Using the conditional perfect conjugation

On the WWII Archives, the conditional perfect conjugation (would have + simple past tense verb, such as would have had, would have wanted, would have walked), as well as the conditional perfect continuous (would have been + simple past) serves almost a second purpose other than its normal use. On the Archives it is also used to indicate something that can be guessed to be true, but no source has ever directly/specifically said it. For example, if you are writing about an individual soldier who arrived to a snowy front, and you know his unit began wearing winter clothes after arriving, then you would say "After getting off the train, he would have been given winter clothing, which his unit was given." Because the sources never directly say that he in particular got winter clothing, you have to use one of those conjugations. You can also use words to indicate possibility, such as "probably", "possibly", "likely", "unlikely", etc. Of course you will need to cite evidence as to why you think this is, so almost always will it be citing a section of another article. See the sections below.

Sources, citing, quoting, and linking

This section described how to cite, quote, and link.

Citing

In order to cite a source, you must click on the "Cite" option in the toolbar which will give you a list of options. You will then have to add a new template (the cite templates always start with the word "cite"). When citing any source that has a url, you must always archive that url in an archiving website such as web.archive.org. The archived url will then be added to the "archive" field in the citation options.

Citing claims made by others and ones only made users on the Archives' Discussion Pages

Generally if there has been someone, some researcher, historian, scholar, academic, genealogist, etc that has made a claim about something somewhere, and is accepted, it should be the thing that is cited along with the sections later in the article or in other articles (see the next section) that produce the evidence to back up that claim. If someone else had already produced a claim and the evidence to support that claim before you or others did, then they should be the ones given credit for it.

However at some point (usually coming up when writing about small subjects), there will be times when only someone or some people on the WWII Archives Discussion Pages have made a certain argument, claim, or point that you’d like to cite, that hasn't been made anywhere else. In this instance it is best to use neutral language when referring to them, but it is possible to use names as well. Otherwise if there isn’t any person that has made an argument or claim that you are making, it isn’t necessary to put it all down in the Discussion Page if it is a small subject. However if it is a larger or broader subject it is suggested that you do put your claim down in the Discussion Page (on something like a larger battle, war, a large unit, theatre of war, leader, etc).

Citing other articles

At first to the reader this may sound like a bad idea, "why would you cite yourself?" In truth, un a fundamental level, this isn't a site like Wikipedia. Each article is written by one or multiple users using multiple sources, therefore it isn't something "citing itself". The reason why we are actively encouraging the citing of other articles, other sections of articles, and other sections of the same article, is because it serves as making articles more organized, the process of writing articles more efficient, and access to the full list of detailed evidence and explanations more accessible and easier to find.

It would be less efficient to try to find external secondary and primary sources to back up a claim, when that has already been done on the Archives which goes into a lot more detail and has even more evidence. For example, if you were writing an article about a soldier, and you didn't have many sources about his experiences, and you have the article about his unit making claims about the general experiences of the unit in a battle, you could just cite the section of his unit's article to make a claim he went through the same experience. That would be a lot easier than having to recite the same evidence the unit's article already did which also goes into much more detail that the soldier's article will. It will be easier to also verify and check the data, claims, and evidence that is used/made.

This is why it is also great with data as well. If you knew the exact casualties of each company of a division during a battle, you can just cite from the division's article all the way through the battalions, regiments, etc down to the articles of each company that explain exactly who died and how in each company. That way anyone will be able to verify the statistics claims made in the article of the division.

A general rule of thumb is that the broader subject articles, the more they'll link to articles on smaller subjects that provide the most details about that subject. However this ultimately depends on the situation, and the editors must decide what they cite for what claim.

Linking

One of the main purposes of linking on the WWII Archives is linking to other articles. Any type of subject can range from any of the types of articles. This includes Geographic Location, an individual you mention (biographical), an idea, technology, event, etc. If there is a topic or subject that you mention, it should be linked to some sort of article on the Archives. The general rule of thumb is that the first time that thing is mentioned on the Summary section, or the first time mentioned in the Content part of the article, is when you link to that article. Notice how for both the Summary and the Content parts of the article, they're different. So if you mention WWII for the first time in the Summary, and link to the main article on WWII, then you will have to do it again if you first mention it in the content part. After that, for both sections, you won't have to link to those articles again.

There are two ways of linking. In both ways you click on the link button in the toolbar. The first is linking to an article on the Archives. You can either search for the article, or paste in the url (especially if it is a Multimedia or something else, although usually for those you'd cite them). The other is to link to an external site if needed.

Quoting

When quoting something, you are usually quoting one of the following:

Quoting someone saying something, or a short message
Quoting a document, letter, message, speech, something written, etc

For the first situation, you will use the "Block Quote" option in the dropdown menu on the left side of the toolbar. Every time someone speaks, it will be put in block quote. If you are quoting someone saying something in a foreign language, then you will put whatever was said in the original language, then press return, and then provide the translation.

For the second option, you will click on the "Insert" dropdown, then "Template". If you are quoting something in English, then you will search for the "Doc_quote_single_lang", to which then a template with an input field to type out what the document says will be given. Generally the text of a document should already be written on its Multimedia page, and you should just be able to copy it from there.Then there is the time when you have writing in a foreign language. In this case the template that you will be searching for is called "Doc_quote_multi_lang". For both the first and second templates, the first text box is the "content1" field. Then for the second template, it is "content2". Unfortunately you cannot use the toolbar from the editor and so will have to use sets of symbols and other html tags to format the text. These include:

: - indentation (the tab button)
- Bold
- Italic
- ^Superscript
- _Subscript
- Underline
<s></s> - ~~Strikethrough~~

There are other tags that you could find and use if you need. Finally you can combine the tags (put one set into another) to form a combination, like "<s>Hello</s>" for ~~Hello~~.

Another thing about quoting is the use of specific characters. If in a text a specific character is uesd, it should be represented as such. If in the case where you have someone who writes their i's without the dot like this: ı, then you have the choice to write either way, such as "lıfted", or "lifted".

Submitting articles

To submit a new article or an edit, you must click on the "Save changes..." or "Save page..." button, which will bring a pop-up. This will include a text box where you can detail the edits you have made. If you are saving changes to an edit, this will include an option in the pop-up to indicate that this edit was a "Minor edit". A minor edit is an edit that doesn’t really change the debate of the subject, such as a grammatical or spelling error, or in some cases rewording something (where it doesn’t change the meaning but makes more sense). However if a change becomes long enough it should not count as a minor edit.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{| class="wikitable"
+Welcome to the official WWII Archives Manual of Style (shortened to WAMoS). The WAMoS is divided into different sections, the first being about the proper mentality of historical analysis, the second being about sources and citing them, the third
-! colspan="2" |Joe McPhail
-|-
-!Born
-|10 October 1921
+For anything that has to do with Multimedia (uploaded files), see the Multimedia Guide.
-[[Grand Saline, Texas|Grand Saline]], [[Texas]]
+==Principles of the historical process and debating on the WWII Archives==
-|}
+In order to participate in a history project of this magnitude, it will be required to have at least a basic understanding of the historical method, having debates, discussions, arguments, how to analyze sources, how to think critically, asking questions, and more. This is especially for those who just readily accept claims and sources as fact without questioning the source, where it came from, who created it, etc. Therefore it is vitally important to read this part of this article carefully, so as to fulfill the goal and philosophy of the WWII Archives. This not only applies to writing about historical events, but every kind of subject out there that could be written about on the Archives, such as your ancestors, places, other people, etc.
-[[Joe McPhail]] was a [[United States Marine Corps Aviation|US Marine Corps Aviation]] pilot during [[WWII]] and the [[Korean War|Korean war]]. He first went overseas into [[VMF-441 (United States)|VMF-441]] in [[Wildcats]], not doing much during that time. He then participated in [[Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 323 (United States)|VFMA-323]], the Death Rattlers in the [[F4U-Corsair]]. After WWII ended he was called up into [[VMFA-214 (United States)|VMFA-214]], the Black Sheep Squadron, during the Korean War.
-'''Video link to the interview here: <nowiki>https://archive.org/details/img-2527_202310</nowiki>'''
+===1 - Keep the conversation civil===
+In focusing with achieving the goal of the WWII Archives, everyone must debate and speak in a peaceful, civil, and respectful manor. Even if you strongly disagree with the opposing side's point of your, you must still speak respectfully, no throwing insults its just a waste of time
-<nowiki>https://ww2fighters.blogspot.com/2016/04/profile-118-finishedyessir-as-flown-by.html</nowiki>
+===2 - Remember, history changes!===
+The study of history has constantly changed throughout time. It is through this reinterpretations, new evidence, questioning of the accepted view, and much more that has brought us to our interpretations today. Therefore to be a historian is to be a revisionist (unlike denialists and distortionists). If not, you're not doing history right, and we will never know the truth. The following are a list of useful pieces of advice for trying to get to what really happened.
-This is the birth record one on page 27 how lucky!: <nowiki>https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-99KV-PLRR?i=26</nowiki>
+==== 2-1 - We all are biased ====
+Every single person has bias. The human brain isn't perfect, no matter how neutral a perspective tries or claims to be, they are limited to what they had observed, their life experiences, how well they remember things, their upbringing, their environment, and their state of being. Even a video recording is biased. You can't see whats behind the camera, or behind that wall. The cameraman is also choosing what to look at. This extends beyond the sources. The people interpreting them are biased as well. This includes you, your parents, your friends, everyone you know, a genealogist, archeologist, historians, even a group of experts who have a consensus on a subject are biased. None of this means that everything we know is entirely incorrect, it just means that it is something we need to understand when interpreting or reading others' interpretations. Therefore:
-<nowiki>https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:K4SL-5P3</nowiki>
+# Consensuses aren't always correct
+# You must recognize the potential and general bias you or others have when interpreting something
-<nowiki>https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:4L4C-GCMM</nowiki>
+==== 2-2 - Use the right question to question things ====
+Among all the great questions you could ask that will get us closer to the truth, ''But is this actually true?'' is the most important. Whenever you hear a claim about something, whether from an interpretation of events or from primary sources themselves, that question is always the best thing to first ask. If you have a certain belief about something, ask yourself that question. It is by first asking this question that we could begin overcoming a myth, a falsehood, dogma, and other kinds of things that we get wrong.
-<nowiki>https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:4LLM-YKZM</nowiki>
+==== 2-3 - Being skeptical about sources and interpreting them ====
+[[File:Text document with red question mark.svg|right|150px]]
+While you are interpreting any source, and especially having asked the aforementioned question, it is important to be critical about the sources you are reading. You need to put the source under scrutiny before you truly can begin to understand them. Before going over some of these questions, you need to understand what each type of source is.
-<nowiki>https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:6XGB-MGWT</nowiki>
+===== Primary, secondary, and tertiary sources =====
+There are generally three types of sources, which will be used in any claim, interpretation, etc to back up an argument.
-<nowiki>https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:K43F-XH6</nowiki>
+First there are primary sources. A primary source is a source of info that was created by a witness and/or someone involved in the event or subject you're studying. For example a primary source for an individual soldier would be letters to him and from him, photographs and film of him, a journal or diary written by him, an interview of him or of someone who he told his story to or witnessed what he did, among many other things.
-<nowiki>https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:HFX7-9PZ</nowiki>
+A secondary source is a source that interprets and analyzes the sources (primary or secondary) about the subject it is studying. This could include books, documentaries, etc. Normally, the WWII Archives would be considered a secondary source, because a big part of it is writing interpretations of events in the articles. However it could also be a primary source, if you are citing a digitized document, photograph, etc or an interview.
-<nowiki>https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/15566052/claydie-mae-phelps</nowiki>
+Tertiary sources are not that all important, it is just an index or consolidation of primary and secondary sources that doesn't add any more interpretations or analysis. Wikipedia among other encyclopedias fall into this category. Do not think that the WWII Archives is such though.
-<nowiki>https://bloximages.newyork1.vip.townnews.com/tylerpaper.com/content/tncms/assets/v3/editorial/4/cb/4cb46f5c-1533-11ee-bf40-7b3d29f5310a/649b5768e7dd4.pdf.pdf</nowiki>
+===== Context =====
+One other thing that is important to understand of any source is its context that it was written in. This corroborates with the author(s)'s /source's bias. You will be able to understand the context by asking the questions below.
-== Before birth ==
+===== Critiquing the sources with these questions =====
+The following are the kinds of questions that you should ask when interpreting, analyzing, and evaluating any source. They are important to try and figure out what the context, bias, etc of the source in question is.
-=== 1910 - Birth of sister ===
+For primary sources these could be.
-In 1910 Joe's sister was born.
+*Who authored/created this source?
+*When and where did they create/author it?
+*Who was their intended audience?
+*Why did they create it?
+*What are their perspectives and biases?
+*What are they saying?
+*What is the surrounding context behind this document and person?
+*What possible motives did they have?
+*How does it stand up to other sources, does it contradict them?
+*How did they create it?
+*How authentic is this source? is it the original or faithful copy?
+*How valuable is its content?
-=== 1917 - Second older brother born ===
+etc.
-In 1917 Joe's other future brother Hugh was born.
-== Childhood ==
+For secondary sources:
+*Who authored it?
+*When or where was it written?
+*What is the context (good in some cases)?
+*What sorts of perspectives or biases do they have? How do they try to mitigate that bias and be objective?
+*Are they trying to push a certain agenda?
+*What evidence do they use?
+*Is their evidence contextualized and represented well?
+*Is there evidence that they are leaving out?
+*Are there any contradictions in their argument?
+*Have anyone else, especially other researchers, scholars, and academics, said or peer reviewed their works and/or their argument?
+*Does their evidence support their claim?
-=== 10 October 1921 Birth in Grand Saline ===
+etc.
-Joe McPhail was born to his parents [[Homer Flavous McPhail|Homer]] and [[Fanny May Terry|Fanny McPhail]] on 10 October 1921 in the small town of [[Grand Saline, Texas|Grand Saline]], a place in [[Van Zandt County, Texas|Van Zandt County]] in East [[Texas]], which sat on [[U.S. Highway 80|Highway 80]] between [[Dallas, Texas|Dallas]] and [[Shreveport, Louisianna|Shreveport]], and had a population of around 1200. Joe was named without a middle name, so his full name was just Joe McPhail.
-At that time, Joe's sister, who had been born in 1910, was already 11 at the time. Their mother worked in the house, no external job. His father was a Railroad Commissioner, and so had to travel a lot.
+With these kinds of questions, instead of just taking what you hear at face value, and question what you hear or read, you will be able to get on the path to finding truth.
-=== 1921 to 1930 - Living in Grand Saline ===
+=== 3 - Back up your claim with good evidence, sources, and reasoning ===
-Between when Joe was born and in 1937 him and his family lived in Grand Saline. In school he wasn't a very good student, not very good in the way that he didn't do well on grades, assignments, and such. He always had trouble remembering things in High School as well, was a bad test taker that sort of thing. It was because of these experiences that he personally wasn't very fond of school. Despite this he didn't get into much trouble in school, tried to be honest and doing what he thought was the right thing. He did have some friends at school however.
+When you've gathered your sources, you will begin to interpret them and use them to back up your claims. You must provide reasoning as to why your or others' certain interpretation of the sources is the correct one. Make sure as well, that there aren't other sources, evidence, and arguments that contradict or go against your claims and arguments, this isn't about winning the argument, its about advancing our knowledge.
-His dad on the other hand was a groceryman, and worked for a company in Grand Saline. At the time he also ran for the Van Zandt County Tax Assessor-Collector. He won, being the Tax Assessor-Collector for four years. The county seat was in [[Canton, Texas|Canton]], and so that is where they moved.
+=== 4 - Be open-minded and willing to listen and accept the other side's arguments ===
+In a historical debate it is always great to keep an open mind to other ideas instead of just clinging to one point of view. This is so that if a better interpretation of sources and evidence comes up on top over the other ones that you didn't believe before, it will be easier to accept them. Too often do people want for their point of view to be the truth, but its uncommon for people to actually be willing to accept that they might have been wrong.
-==== 1929 - Great Depression begins ====
+==== Be neutral ====
-In 1929 the Great Depression began. It hit the McPhails making things pretty tough for them. They didn't have a lot of money and would from now on make the ends meet. While their father was Tax Assessor-Collector, he owned a Chevrolet which had wheels on the fenders, kind of two extras of them. Him and his family wouldn't travel far in them, never went outside of Texas given the size of the state.
+Although as mentioned you and every other human being has some sort of bias, it is important to recognize that bias and try to view things from all perspectives and to question everything.
-=== 1930 to 1935 - Moving to Canton ===
+=== 5 - Be clear about your argument/message ===
-Between 1930 and 1935 the family moved to Canton for Homer's job as Tax Assessor-Collector, then moving back to Grand Saline.
+If you're going to write anything that will be backed up by evidence, you need to be clear about what you're saying and actually arguing. Read through what you've written before it is published. Make sure that you don't have contradictions or other errors as well.
-==== 1930 - Younger brother born ====
+===6 - A good claim should be able to withstand going back through the sources===
-In 1930 Joe's younger brother Larry was born, 20 years since their older brother was born. This made a total of four children, one girl, and three boys.
+When making a claim, you must make sure that it can withstand going back through the sources, evidence, and context. You must look out for contradictions and address them if they don't agree with your argument or claims.
-When Joe was 9 years of age, he wasn't very much involved in any of the [[New Deal|New Deal Programs]] initiated by [[FDR]]. He didn't really think about the war that was going on outside of the country either.
+===7 - Reach a compromise and see which argument is the best===
+History is not black and white, and often neither do absolutes actually work. Almost always is the true answer somewhere in the middle. You need to take the pros and cons among other things, making concessions and compromises, and taking what each side of the argument got right and try to form a new argument. People need to get out of the idea that one thing was absolutely true or wasn't true.
-After that he had a grocery store and stayed in it for a while. This would have been within the time that they were in both Grand Saline and Tyler.
+In doing this, the goal is to see which argument gets to the top or is the best of all of the interpretations of the sources. Unless if that argument is challenged, then the best argument has been reached.
-Even though his father was involved in political business, Joe himself then and going forward didn't have any particular political opinions.
+==Writing articles==
+This section deals with how articles are to be written.
-=== 1935 to 1937 - Moving back and living in Grand Saline ===
+===How articles should be written===
-In 1935, which would have been around the time that Homer's four years were up as Tax Assessor-Collector, the McPhails moved back to Grand Saline.
-Within this time period in the 30's Joe's brother Hugh got TB.
+#Be objective as possible. It is important to try and be objective as possible while writing a history, although it must be recognized that every writer has biases and therefore nothing written is neutral. However, it is still important to try and be objective and to try and fit yourself into the shoes of the person being written about or the situation.
+#<u>'''''Write in a chronological order kind of matter'''''</u>. This is not an encyclopedia, almost everything about a subject will be written out chronologically through the Background, event, Aftermath, Legacy, etc sections of each article, and each individual part will be written out as it develops, instead of the different aspects of the subject. Conclusions/claims about a subject will be written in two different ways. The first is when you are writing about a conclusion/claim that was made in the historiography of the subject. That will go in the Aftermath or Legacy type sections. Otherwise you can make a conclusion about something neutrally after you had just described events, sources, etc.
+#Write in neutral language. That is, do not use "you", "I", "me", etc unless if you are quoting something that uses those kinds of pronouns in reference to you or you and a group. Instead use things such as "He", "she", "they", "It is __ that…", "One might __ that…", etc, or just use names.
-=== Christmases and other holidays for the McPhails ===
+===General structure of an article===
-At the time of festivities the McPhails celebrated Christmas. For them the holiday was a pretty big deal for them. They got their tree from places that grew pine trees, and always got presents for the tree. Joe wished for guns, fishing equipment, things like that.
+There are multiple different types of articles, but an article always follows this layout:
-For the Fourth of July they didn't do much. They used some fireworks but that was just about it.
+#Summary
+#Index table
+#Main information template box to the right
+#Article content
+#Citations
+#Bibliography
+##Works Cited
+##Other Sources (if necessary)
-=== 1937 - Moving to Tyler ===
+===Types of articles===
-In the year 1937, since Homer had a cousin who was pretty big into county politics, he decided to get into county business and go work for his cousin. Therefore that year the McPhails moved to [[Tyler, Texas|Tyler]], Texas. There Joe stayed and would remain there for the remainder of his time in high school and graduated from there.
-Moving from Grand Saline Joe did miss some friends that he had there
+{{col-begin|class=mp-navigation}}
+{{col-3}}
+<div style="background:#4a5e1b; padding: 5px; border:1px solid #4a5e1b; border-radius:6px; color:#000; width: 270px; float: right;">
+<div style="background:#fff8ef; height:520px;">[[File:Main Page Categories Image.png|x270px|center|class=nomobile|link=]]
+<div style="background:#4a5e1b; text-align:center; color:#FFF; font-weight:bold; font-size: 14px;">Category Navigation</div><div style="padding: 2px 4px; text-align:left;">
+*[[Special:Categories|Categories]]
+*[[Special:CategoryTree|Category Tree]]
+*[[:Category:Multimedia|Multimedia]]
+*[[:Category:Biographical_Articles|Biographical Articles]]
+*[[:Category:Event_Articles|Event Articles]]
+*[[:Category:Geographical_Location Articles|Geographical Location Articles]]
+*[[:Category:Group_Articles|Group Articles]]
+*[[:Category:Technology_Articles|Technology Articles]]
+*[[:Category:Work_Articles|Work Articles]]
+*[[:Category:Idea_Articles|Idea Articles]]
+*[[:Category:Other_Articles|Other Articles]]
+</div></div></div>
-Joe had a brother and a sister, [[Hugh McPhail]] and [[Claydmine McPhail]].
+There are eight different types of articles. Each one's content is specific to its own type of article because of its subject. Each category has a category for those types of articles, and therefore whenever you are creating an article you must put it in one of these categories. The structure of these articles should be followed exactly as stated, unless if the editor is in a unique situation and sees something better as fit. For more broad type of articles the editor will have more of a choice to Under are a list of the different types of articles, with an explanation about each one. Under is a table listing each type of article, and each section of the article that should be used or recommended to be used in order.
-Joe remembers that his father was a hard worker, and how he would kill the hog (that they presumably had) in the fall, to Joe it was good seeing the hog meat you got out of it. As for his mother, she was a home body, didn't do much else, cooked good food though. His siblings though were quite a bit older than he was and so Joe always looked up to them. Despite them being siblings they never bothered each other, never getting in any particular fights.
-In Tyler at school Joe had some friends. One of which that it seemed he counted was his cousin Lloyd Ray who was also living in Tyler and a little younger than Joe was.
-While in Tyler Joe liked to play sports, in particular or at least one of them being Baseball. He played as [[First Baseman]]<nowiki/>and him and his team didn't really get far in competing against other ones, mainly just playing locally. He wasn't really good at it, but still enjoyed it. One of the main reasons that he played was because there wasn't much else to do around.
+# '''[[:Category:Event Articles|Event]]''' - An article that describes a historical event.
+# '''[[:Category:Biographical Articles|Biographical]]''' - Biographical articles are biographies of an individual person, or maybe even an animal or insect
+# '''[[:Category:Geographical_Location Articles|Geographic Location]]''' - These describe geographical locations such as a town, city, mountain, ocean, forest, country, state, house, specific spot, street, etc explaining their history in chronological order
+# '''[[:Category:Group Articles|Group]]''' - Broad type of article that is about the history of a particular group. It could be a political party, a resistance group, a music group, an ethnic group, government, organization, branch of government, business, military unit, etc.
+# '''[[:Category:Technology Articles|Technology]]''' - Another broad article type which includes things like vehicles, machines, tools, weapons, electronics, etc, something that serves a functionality built by humans.
+# '''[[:Category:Work Articles|Work]]''' - Another broad one that usually includes a work of art or literature. It could also be for example a famous scientific publication or some political manifesto. Generally if it is known enough to not just be a Multimedia Page then it deserves to be an article. Generally a Work article should be linked to one or more Multimedia Pages if possible.
+# '''[[:Category:Idea_Articles|Idea Articles]]''' - The last kind which is also broad. This category fits things such as political, economic, scientific, mathematical, philosophical, religious, etc theories, concepts, ideas, laws, ideologies, beliefs, etc.
+# '''[[:Category:Other_Articles|Other Articles]]''' - If the thing you are writing about fits into none of the categories then it could be considered another type of article or miscellaneous.
-Another source of entertainment that they had there was fishing which Joe liked to do. The biggest thing he ever caught was an 11 lbs [[Black Bass]] in Tyler.
+{| class="wikitable"
+|+Types of articles and their sections in order
-Joe never was someone to get into mischevious things and get in trouble.
+!
+!Event
-Outside of school Joe had some neighbors and friends that he and his family would hang out with. There were these neighbors they were good friends with that they would play Baseball, fished and all that with, known by their name the [[Sheppards]].
+!
+!Biography
-As for other entertainment, from Joe's perspective they didn't have a radio. The local newspaper that they had was the Tyler Morning Telegraph, and Joe at some point picked up the job of delivering this newspaper around to people, and he wasn't paid too much since it was during the times of the Great Depression. Joe even had the job (and maybe this was before in Grand Saline as well) to mow lawns.
+!
+!Geographic Location
-Important to Joe's future, there was an airfield nearby where he lived, [[Tyler Pounds Field]]. There he started his experience watching planes and beginning his interest in them.
+!
+!Group
-== Adulthood ==
+!
+!Technology
-=== 10 October 1939 - Turning 18 years old ===
+!
-On 10 October 1939, Joe would have turned 18 years old, becoming an adult.
+!Work
+!
-=== Before June 1939 - Graduating from High School and moving to Corpus Christi ===
+!Idea
-Before summer 1941, Joe graduated from High School, or Junior College, in 1939 in Tyler. His father had gone to work by this time as being a worker of the state, specifically a Railroad Commissioner, and so he was sent to be at [[Corpus Christi, Texas|Corpus Christi]]. After graduating High School therefore the family began moving to Corpus. After he graduated Joe went into Junior College, not to Del Mar College, but just to a junior college in Corpus (he would be asked if he went to Del Mar when he says he went to college in Corpus). While in Junior College Joe, because [[Naval Air Station Corpus Christi]] was nearby, he saw many different guys in uniform in and around town. It was that and probably some other reasons that convinced him that he wanted to be a pilot.
+!
+!Other
-Although apparently it was in Tyler that Joe received, whether it was now or later on, at [[Tyler Pounds Regional Airport]], his [[Private Flying License]].
+|-
+|'''1'''
-=== Between June 1939 and June 1941 - Completing sixty hours of college ===
+|Background
-Between graduating from High School in 1939 and Summer 1941, Joe would have completed sixty hours worth of college.
+|Context, what was happening
+before the event
-==== 1940 - Death of Joe's father ====
+|Before birth
-In the year 1940, at the age of 53 years, Joe's father passed away. He had cancer but Joe and others think that they had Tuberculosis (TB), but then they didn't really know much about Cancer.
+|
+|
-==== 7 May 1940 - 1940 US Census ====
+|
-On 7 May a member from the [[United States Census Bureau|US Census Bureau]] came by the residence of Joe and others to record them. He was lodging on [[321 Ayers Street, Corpus Christi, Texas|321 Ayers Street]], Corpus Christi, which was under the ownership of [[John Charles Gray]] whose wife was [[Fannie Bessie Birdwell]].
+|Background
+|
-=== June to July 1941 - Spending time in Civilian Pilot Training ===
+|Background
-The summer after Joe graduated from junior college, Joe and his cousin Ray decided to enroll into a government sponsored program called [[Civilian Pilot Training Program|Civilian Pilot Training]], called and abbreviated as CPT by Joe. They were specifically enrolled into the one in Tyler at [[Tyler Pounds Regional Airport]]. CPT was a government program that Joe enjoyed because he got exposed to planes for the first time and they got to fly for about thirty to fourty hours that summer in which he would then receive his [[Private Pilot License]]. He would fly [[Piper J-3 Cub|Piper J-3 Cubs]], which were tail draggers. The plane was pretty primitive, you had to spin the prop to start it, like an old automobile. It didn't have any breaks, and so Joe and the other pilots would taxi back up and park up kind of on a hill. At CPT Joe had an instructor named [[Frinefruk]] (which was his last name). He also had a friend he either knew or met there at CPT named [[John Ralphus]].
+|Not used if not
+necessary
-During that time he really got hooked into flying and so wanting to continue, knew that he wanted to be an aviator and liked to fly. He knew that his only chance to fly was by going into the service and being on active duty. It was after he was done with CPT in Tyler he went down to Corpus to Flight School.
+|Background
+|
-At first decided to go into the Navy at the time to be a Navy pilot, because [[Naval Air Station Corpus Christi]] (NAS Corpus Christi) was nearby. Having seen all the guys in uniform back since high school also contributed to his thinking that joining the Navy would be for him, and was anxious to get in and be a pilot. He had also asked if he could be a fighter pilot. However he discovered that in 1941 the Navy required that you be 20 years of age as well as have sixty hours of college. He did indeed have already the sixty hours of college, but wasn't 20 yet. That would require him to wait for his birthday that year of 10 October 1941.
+|Background
+|
-=== 10 October 1941 - Turning 20 years old ===
+|
-On 10 October Joe finally turned 20 years old and so was now able to join the [[Navy's V-5 program]]. Because he volunteered to join up, Joe never received a draft number. Joe's mother didn't resist when he enlisted, wasn't upset about it. It wasn't because he was the oldest brother .
+|-
+|'''2'''
-=== 18 October 1941 - Official join date of the US Military ===
+|Prelude
-On 18 October 1941, eight days after turning 20, Joe was sworn into the Navy in downtown at [[Allen Building, Dallas, Texas|Allen Building]], Dallas, at [[Naval Air Station Dallas]]. There he became a [[Weekend Warrior]]. John Ralphus and some other guys would also follow Joe from CPT into NAS Dallas. At this time Joe and John were together quite a bit and good friends. It is assumed that after some time he left Dallas and went back home.
+|Just before the event
+|Childhood
-Joe was the only one in his family at the time that was in any military service. Since his brother Hugh had TB so he didn't need to go into the service. Since his father had already passed away, he didn't know about his service. His mother however did know, and was supportive, although anxious, telling him to fly low and slow.
+|
+|
-=== Before or during 4 December 1941 - Being called up to NAS Dallas again ===
+|
-Sometime before or during 4 December, Joe was called up to come back up to NAS Dallas. The language used in the sources here aren't totally clear, was he called up on exactly 4 December or was he called to be at NAS Dallas by 4 December?
+|Beginning/Creation/Formation
+|Can be one
-=== 4 December 1941 - Commissioning and arrival to NAS Dallas ===
+of these
-On Thursday 4 December 1941 Joe was comissioned into active service would have arrived to NAS Dallas to start [[Flight School]]. There was another air field owned by the military, Hensley Field, but that was on the USAAF's side. Joe guesses that there was even Ling-Temco-Vought there as well. It is presumed that John Ralphus also joined NAS Dallas on this date or around this date. When he was there he was a [[Seaman Second Class]]. His pay at this time in Dallas was $36 a month.
+options
+|Development
-But then as Aviation cadet he would make 75 dollars, he had money he couldn't really buy or even spend on much around, no place to spend it.
+|May go with
+development header
-At this time there was no indication or sign that could be seen of an imminent war with the United States. Neither Joe nor anyone else believed something was going to happen. Although looking at the war situation in Europe and such, he thought that at some point they would enter the war. Although he liked to fly so much that it didn't worry him at all, In fact Joe was kind of looking forward to it.
+|Creation
+|Can be rewritten as
-=== 7 December 1941 - News of the attack on Pearl Harbor ===
+The writing of …, The painting of …, etc
+|Conceptualization
-==== Around 1200 ====
+|
-Around noon on Sunday 7 December 1941, three days after Joe had just arrived to NAS Dallas, Joe and the other people at the base heard the news about the attack on Pearl Harbor on radio, as on this Sunday they didn't have much else to do. Upon hearing the news Joe thought to himself:<blockquote>Well, got myself in a mess here</blockquote>Specifically he was thinking about getting in in time for war. Despite this, Joe knew that he had to stay in to get the job done. Most people didn't even know where Pearl Harbor was. In any case, due to the fear of any saboteurs and things like that, Joe and the others were ordered to start patrolling the perimeter from then on around the Air Station. Despite being given this role, they weren't given any bullets. All they were doing were walking the fence line patrolling, without a mean to defend themselves. However nothing bad really happened in Dallas.
+|
+|-
-=== After 7 December 1941 ===
+|'''3'''
-After Pear Harbor, Joe remained at NAS Dallas for only a short period of time. In any case, the base continued to maintain security, as they were afraid that the Japanese Americans would rise up against them. As such they stayed busy at the base. There were two Marine Sergeants who had an influence on McPhail, who thought that they were taking care of the aviation cadets.
+|Event
+|This section can
-During this time, as a result of the war, there were quite a few airplanes transferring from the east coast to the west coast. Nearly all of these planes were coming through Dallas. Joe and others were out there pushing planes around and helping refuel them and to get them all ready. From his perspective it was pretty exciting to see some first-line planes, although in reality these planes, like the Wildcats, weren't actually all that impressive. He also saw observational planes that he thought looked real weird when they came through. These things increased the intensity of not only his training, but that of others as well, as they were trying to get the cadets ready. During this time, the Navy lowered their requirements of being 20 years of age and 60 hours of college, what Joe was required to do, in order to get more high school graduates.
+be named whatever
+depending on the situation
-NAS Dallas, for the men that were there along with Joe, called it "E Base" or "Elimination Base", due to the fact that the people above them wanted to see if you could fly before sending them to NAS Corpus Christi. During this time they were testing the cadets' capabilities as a pilot. Unlike Joe, there weren't many cadets that participated in CPT, and so Joe had a rung up there above almost everyone else, so it was pretty easy for him.
+|Adulthood
+|
-For the flying part, Joe and the others weren't flying Piper Cubs like at CPT, but instead [[Naval Aircraft Factory N3N|N3N]]<nowiki/>s which were built by the [[Naval Aircraft Factory]], which didn't make too many planes. N3Ns were older models that were steel fabric biplanes with open twin cockpit trainer biplanes as well as tail draggers. They apparently called it a "Yellow Peril." Joe thought that they were good planes and pretty easy to fly. He could do acrobatics with it, loops, rolls, things like that. They had big wings, and a stick instead of a wheel for control. They were apparently not actually using it for training. .
+|
+|
-The most complicated maneuver that Joe had ever done was such: You would wheel the plane up to the top in the air, then roll over at the top of the loop, and pull a lot of [[G-force|G's]] in the process.
+|Fall/Dissolution/Destruction
+|Can be
-During this time of training there weren't really any incidents, Joe himself didn't have any accidents. Others did have accidents. There were some guys that had [[ground loop]].
+one of these
+options
-As for life there, to Joe it was pretty regular. As a reaction to the attack on Pearl Harbor everyone was anxious to get overseas, including Joe. They did have a dislike for the Japanese people, they kind of thought that they did Pearl Harbor and that it was wrong for them to have done it. During the war the [[Internment of Japanese Americans|Japanese-Americans were interned]]. For Joe and others it wasn't really a big deal, they had them in camps and so him and others never did get involved with them .
+|Production
+|Can be renamed,
-After he started flying, getting his four hours in, Joe got a $18 raise from his $36 a month, to $54, a 50% increase in salary.
+reused, and split
+into many different ways
-=== 1 April 1942 - Leaving NAS Dallas and going to Corpus Christi ===
+|Use
-On 1 April 1942 Joe left NAS Dallas. Him and the other trainees there had around 30 to 40 hours of flight specifically at that place for four months.
+|If necessary
+|Legacy
-When Joe was transferred to Corpus for more training, he was made an Aviation Cadet from a Seaman Second Class. Upon advancing after leaving Dallas, the cadet had to determine what they were going to do. At the time the Marine Corps was only getting about 10% of the cadets. Since Joe wanted to fly fighters he felt that he would have a better chance getting into in joining the Marine Corps than he could the Navy. He was afraid that they would put him into a PT Boat (says P-boat) or something like that.
+|
+|
-In Corpus, he started flying [[Stearman Aircraft|Stearman]] planes, which he thought were big and strong, but still basically the same thing as the N3Ns. Fabric biplane. He flew a lot of different kinds of planes then. A flying day for the generally consisted of first going to grad school for half a day, and then fly half a day. But they had a syllabus they would go through, start out elementary things, then do more complicated things. Joe liked doing Acrobatics, seeing it as fun for him. He thought the experience at Corpus was pretty interesting in of itself.
+|-
+|'''4'''
-Joe was pretty much confident in his capability in getting through his training. Although the one thing despite that was getting those check rides and you'd always worry about them. While in Corpus he did get one down in a check ride. He told Joe:<blockquote>Well, you weren't doing the acrobatic maneuvers right</blockquote>So another instructor took Joe up and showed him how to do the maneuvers right and so then there wasn't a problem.
+|Aftermath
+|
-As an Aviation Cadet at Corpus he would now make $75, and despite now having money, he couldn't really buy much of anything as there wasn't much stuff or places around to spend it.
+|After death
+|
-He would fly the Stearmans at [[Broadfield]], then move on to flying [[Cabinets]] and [[SNV]]<nowiki/>s, Vultee vibrators. The SNV was a fixed-geared trainer with two seats. Eventually he got to fly a [[Vought OS2U Kingfisher]], a first line observational plane, which the Navy even had on cruisers, in which they would catapult them off of cruisers and battleships and recover them with a sled like thing to then reel it in. In the OS2U he even got to do some water landings. They also had landing planks too, fixed landing gear/wheels, but Joe thought it was pretty neat. One time Joe in the Kingfisher climbed all the way to 9,000ft in altitude. He thought to himself:<blockquote>Boy is this something!</blockquote>After being in the Kingfisher he went through instruments school. At that time he decided that he wanted to fly fighters. Unfortunately, everyone wanted to fly fighters. He was told that the Marine Corps was the best place to go for that, and believed it, especially of the fact that the Marine Corps didn't have as many scout planes as the Navy did. He figured that that was the cheapest way to get into fighters, let them pay for it. That is why he chose to switch over into the Marine Corps.
+|
+|
-Before Kingsville, Joe had somehow met with [[Richard Charles Mangrum]], famous aviator from Guadalcanal, who was the head of the Marine detachment. He asked Joe:<blockquote>Why did you join the Marine Corps?</blockquote>Joe responded:<blockquote>I wanted to fly fighters</blockquote>Mangrum then told him:<blockquote>Well, you stand a good chance</blockquote>So Joe did, that is why he went to Kingsville to do his advanced. By the time that he made the decision to go into the Marines Joe had maybe already 150 hours of training, 225 when he got his wings.
+|Aftermath
+|Only if
-=== April 1942 - Doolittle raid ===
+group no
-It was probably at this time that Joe heard about the Doolittle raid, in which [[James Harold Doolittle|Jimmy Doolittle]], flying a B-25 crashed in [[Republic of China|China]].
+longer exists
+|Use
-=== October 1942 - Getting his wings ===
+|Can also be renamed,
-In October 1942, after ten months of training, Joe finished his training and got his wings . This was the time that he officially transferred from the Navy to the Marine Corps, all it being was a paper transfer, no formality of anything like that. As such he went to [[Opa-Lacka Air Station]] in [[Miami, Florida|Miami]], [[Florida]] for what they called Pre-operationals training. There they flew what the Navy called [[North American T-6 Texan|SNJ]]<nowiki/>s, North American trainer, and what the USAAF called AT-6s, which had a hood over the pilot's head. He had, however, flown these in [[Kingsville, Texas|Kingsville]] during fighter training.
+reused, and split
+into many different ways,
-While working on the SNJs, they were learning about instrument training, which Joe found kind of tough. Although he thought that it was good training as it would get you out of a lot of trouble (from any tricky situation).
+unless if it is still used
+|Reaction/
-Even up until this point there were quite a few guys that didn't make it in training.
+Reception
+|
-At Opa-Locka they conducted [[Field Carrier Landing Practice]], abbreviated as FCLP, as if going aboard carriers. It was a different kind of landing than they were used to. They did fly other planes, the N2. Joe got to fly what they were calling the F2A, known as the Brewster Buffalo, which was at the time a first-line fighter. He thought it was kind of a weird plane. It didn't have a hydraulic system, and as such there were six to seven ways to get the landing gear down. One of such ways was to use the pair of dykes on board to cut the cable, which was the last resort, if the crank wasn't working.
+|
+|
-=== December 1942 - Going to San Diego, California ===
+|
-In December, Joe and John were transferred to [[Naval Air Station North Island|NAS North Island]], [[San Diego, California|San Diego]], [[California]] to wait to go overseas. At this time though Joe and the others were not yet in a squadron at all. This was more of a what was called a replacement draft. There John, being his good friend, was Joe's roommate at the place they were staying. The whole West Coast was locked down. Joe and others would go into town, be tourists, and to Joe it was pretty. To him he thought that everybody was ready to be behind the war effort, especially in the West Coast. In San Diego there were blackouts, as well as guards posted around the city. Joe and others (within his unit) had to have ID cards to get in and out of the base. At the time they never heard of the [[Battle of Los Angeles]].
+|-
+|'''5'''
-While there at North Island they were training to get in some time in planes. There there were even some Piper Cubs that they got to fly.
+|Long term effects
+|Optional
-- 4:00 They had problems with the first the "oly O's" had aall air ratio and it hit bounce and the british solved that problem thats the reason the Marine Corps got them the Navy didn't want to they were having trouble.
+|Legacy
+|
-I was at North Island in San Diego in December 42, and they were bouncing the Corsair there field carrier landing, they were having so much trouble they were saying we don't want them. And they got the Hellcat the Navy did and so but the guy, friend of mine guy in the Navy and he flew both of them and he said you know the Corsair was abetter flying airplane, but if I was going to be shot at I rather be in a hellcat.
+|
+|
-=== 16 January 1943 - Going overseas ===
+|Legacy
-Finally Joe and John were able to go overseas on 16 January 1943, the first destination, the town of [[Pago Pago, American Samoa|Pago Pago]], [[American Samoa]], deep in the [[Pacific]], where they would join [[Marine Fighter Squadron 441 (United States)|Marine Fighter Squadron 441]] (VMF-441), which was operating [[Grumman F4F Wildcat|Grumman F4F Wildcats]] in which Joe would fly in. While en route, Joe and the others being shipped were on the cruise line "Matsonia". There were probably about 50 aviators on board, but only 10 of them (probably including him) that were going into 441. There was also another squadron on Samoa, [[Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 242 (United States)|VMFA-242]], a dive bomber squadron. On [[British Samoa]], just West of American Samoa, there was another fighter squadron, [[Marine Fighter Squadron 111 (United States)|VMF-111]].
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-The CO of the squadron was a Captain named [[Waldo Meyer]]. The executive officer was a man named [[William Lightfoot Gaffney]] (spelled in full), who was older than the CO. Gaffney was normally in the reserve, at least Joe thought he was, while Waldo was regular time. Waldo did eventually make Major.
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-The squadron at some point was called the "Blackjacks", however Joe never saw or heard it being used while he was there. The Wildcat was a plane which had only about a 1000 Horsepower with its [[Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasp|Pratt Whitney 1830 Engine]]. The plane also didn't have a hydraulic system, you had to crank the gear (which was already pretty narrow) up and crank it to get it down. You had to charge the guns with a cable that ran out to the guns in the wings. As such he thought it was a pretty primitive plane. You also didn't have a starter, having to fire a shotgun shell with the starter switch which then rotated the prop. The wings had to be manually unlock them to get them to fold back parallel to the fuselage. This was done to store them so that they wouldn't be taking up too much room. The breech was in the right wheel well, and it would spin the prop around. Most of the time this would start it but sometimes it would take several shells. Joe and others used to laugh, as when someone would take off the first time in a Wildcat, the pilot would have their right hand on the stick and the left on the throttle. As soon as they would take off, they would switch from their right hand to the crank for the gear, and the left on the stick. Therefore you would see a guy, he'd been ranking up the gear and the stick would move back with each crank. Joe thought it looked kind of like a porpoise after take-off. Eventually though the pilots would get used to it. The Wildcat was big in Guadalcanal until they replaced in in 1943. Joe really thought that the Wildcat, despite its problems, could be tough on the ground, especially if you were caught in a [[crosswind]].
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-=== 16 January 1943 to March 1944 - Being overseas ===
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-For the next 13 to 14 months, the job of 441 then and from then on forward was to help keep Japanese off of different islands in the area in the Pacific, to keep them from penetrating further south. They had already gone to the Marshall and Gilbert Islands, the Philippines, among others. Despite this, they didn't get in any action, and so Joe and the job of others was to continue training and of course some patrolling, this time in the Wildcats. Joe had gone overseas with one of his friends, John Ralphus, who was also part of 441.
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-Joe and the other members of the squadron formed a good bond, were good friends with one another, all doing the same thing. One of the officers that was in 441 Squadron was a guy by the name of [[Rared Shaeffer]], who was a Texan. There were some pictures that had been taken of the squadron during their time overseas.
+|'''6'''
+|Legacy
-Once while he was taking off from Samoa, the wind wasn't down the runway, and it got away from Joe and he scraped the Flight Officer's Wildcat's wing. Joe was afraid that they weren't going to let him fly again, but they still let him. This was possibly also due to the narrow landing gear but possibly not.
+|Can be merged with Long term effects
+Also optional
-While they were on Samoa, there was a contingent of the squadron that was sent up to the island of [[Funafuti]], a group of small islands surrounding a volcano-like island. he island was 700 miles south of Tarawa which was being currently occupied by the Japanese. At that time Joe and others were Second Lieutenants. They didn't have much time or anything, so for the time being they weren't able to get up to Funafuti.
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-While they were overseas, the food that they got, in Joe's opinion, wasn't all that great. There was a lot of what they were calling mutton, from Australia and New Zealand. Joe didn't think it was very good. They also had a lot of beans and stuff like that. Naturally they didn't have any vegetables, milk, or anything like that. There wasn't anything fresh as they were in a remote. place. But being young men they can put up with a lot.
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-During this time they also received news knowing what was going on in the big picture of the war. Joe even got himself a radio, a [[Hallicrafter|Hallicrafters]] made shortwave radio. Sometimes he could even pick up [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]] with it. He found it interesting to kind of follow what was going on. Early when he went over there (Funafuti?), some of the guys went down to Guadalcanal. Joe knew several of them, and they were all anxious to hear what was going on down there. One time Joe and others were in kind of a recreation room. They had a pool table and everything. They were messing around, young guys, and someone said:<blockquote>You know, if the Marine Corps knew it, we'd pay them to let us fly these airplanes</blockquote>A guy, Art Neff, who'd been to Guadalcanal, responded:<blockquote>You wait'll you get a few arrows in your ass and you'll think you're grossly underpaid</blockquote>Joe did often get letters and packages from home during this time. His brother worked for the Tyler Morning Telegraph paper, hunt and pecked on the typewriter. There was V-Mail that was used for corresponding with him. To Joe most of his letters had been censored, although they really hadn't. He was either scratching out thoughts or misspelled or something. His mother on the other hand would always send him, and he always liked to get those.
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-It may have been at this time or around this time, when Joe did his first 25 missions he got the [[Distinguished Flying Cross]].
+|Legacy
+|Only if necessary
-==== April 1943 - Whole squadron goes to Funafuti ====
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-Eventually Joe and the rest of the squadron were transferred to the island of [[Funafuti]], Because of the distance (700 miles from Tarawa) they realized that the Wildcats couldn't really reach Tarawa and come back, and so in the air at that time Joe didn't see any Japanese planes. In fact, the Wildcats couldn't even go 300 miles up and back. It would have been a one way mission attempting to do so, and so they never tried, and so never encountered or got entagled with a Japanese plane. Despite this they were technically still in combat. With all this they were kind of disappointed they weren't getting into any action, as meanwhile everyone else was out in engagements. In August 1943 the [[Guadalcanal Campaign]] began and they were sending planes over there.
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-One of their jobs while overseas was to conduct reconnaissance of any Japanese ships that they could find, specifically they would patrol up a series of islands leading to Tarawa. However they never found any. The job of the 441 was to beat the Japanese to those islands. There was one guy, named [[Bill Boland]], who shot down two planes while on patrol up there, happening to see them. One of the planes was a [[Nell]]. They were scouting down those islands themselves. Joe thinks they did this to see if the Americans were preparing them. At some point later in the war some American planes shot down [[Isoroku Yamamoto|Admiral Yamamoto]].
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-Joe and others would on average fly every other day. The reason was because there were only around 40 people in the squadron, and only around 20 to 24 airplanes most of the time.
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-The Japanese sometimes bombed them almost every moonlit night on Funafuti. They would come from Tarawa but also the Marshalls and Kwajalein. The first time for Joe it was kind of scary, as there wasn't much they could do, other than getting into a foxhole and just had to tolerate it until it was over. The squadron didn't have any anti-air guns and so weren't able to compete with the Japanese who would come down to bomb them at night. Fortunately no one was harmed as far as Joe knew. His plane however did get destroyed and so they had to send in a new one, he never would really try to have any personal connection or relationship to his planes. Whenever they came in and destroyed the Wildcat, they would have to repair them and get them in the air.
-On that note Joe did conduct what technically could be called night missions. A lot of the times that the Japanese would come and bomb at night the men of 441 would be required to put the planes up in the air in order to prevent them from being bombed and destroyed. Since they didn't have any night mission equipment they were told to go to a certain island within the Funafuti group until the raid is over and then come back home.
-On Funafuti there were some natives that Joe met. He thought that they were friendly, not hostile in any way. The Japanese didn't have any plans to go that far (700 miles) south of Tarawa, nothing planned to do down there.
-On Funafuti on base there were films relating to propaganda, music, among other things. There were movies, entertainment of people telling jokes and all that. Joe didn't really have a particular song that he liked. There were quite a few that he went to on Funafuti.
-The 441 eventually went up to [[Nanumea]], only 500 miles from Tarawa. It was a pretty primitive island. At first when they landed there they didn't have any accommodations, everything being pretty open, and so they'd eat outside with the lack of a [[mess hall]]. Eventually though they got to building some stuff. On Nanumea there were some natives as well just like Funafuti.
-Even from there there was no way for the Wildcat to go to Tarawa and back, it would be essentially a one-way mission. Therefore their mission remained to keep the Japanese from getting it.
-At some point Joe had asked someone what the depth of the ocean was, thinking that he could maybe just walk on it.
-Joe blacked out from pulling too many G's at one point during this time overseas. It happened during flight in mid air, but thankfully he was high enough to regain consciousness.
-There was one memorable time that Joe had in the Wildcat in 441. One of the things that they practiced on was by having someone towing a banner for someone to fire upon. In order to get the sleet in the air, the [[reserve fuel tanks]] were dropped to lighten the load. One day Joe was towing the banner for someone else and the person fired on it. Having done this Joe missed the island (assuming because he didn't have the extra fuel to get back). Funafuti wasn't a big island, but they were finally able to get in touch with radar when he was 80 miles past, so they knew he was coming in and so started sending out planes to look for him. Joe knew they weren't going to make it back, turned around to head in that direction, and were able to get within 20 miles of the island. After running out of fuel he had to land in the water. The water was terrible and rough along with the rough weather, probably 15 ft waves, although it wasn't cold, but was warm. His plane stalled out and hit a wave. He had that shoulder harness on so tight that he couldn't breathe and his nose hit the Wildcat's gunsight right in front of it. He then unhooked everything, jumped into the water and inflated his Mae West. As soon as the plane hit the water there was an automatic one man life raft, which was about the full length of his arms, that came out behind the pilot and inflated. It had a lanyard/string on it connected to the plane, and when the plane sank after 45 seconds of hitting the water, it flipped the raft upside down. He lost his fishhooks, paddles, and everything, but, despite having a hard time getting in it, he was able to get in and ride it. For an hour and a half, the planes, having gone in, landing, and refueled, came by but weren't able to see him. He finally put dye marker in the water every time that a plane passed by, unfortunately, on top of the fact that his raft was small making him hard to spot, the huge waves created a current that would turn the dye into a little green string or thin line in the big Pacific. It didn't help either how small his raft was compared to the vast area around. Going back to his question he pondered to someone if he could walk on the ocean floor, it was in reality about 1,200 feet away from him.
-For three long hours he was in the Pacific ocean. Eventually a plane or multiple planes spotted him and pointed him out to a PT boat, which was sent out to pick him up. They found Joe, and he tried to get himself onto the boat, but had a hard time doing it, as Joe was down and they were up.
-The last citation from the Houston Chronicle contradicts all the other sources in which it states that it took a day for him to be rescued which isn't true according to the Squadron history and Joe's interviews. The information obtained could have been misinterpreted when the article was written.
-==== November 1943 - Marines land of Tarawa ====
-In November the US took back over the island of Tarawa. Despite the tough battle, the US prevailed in taking the island. It was the example of this battle and other future ones that made him believe that despite it being hard to take these islands, Joe thought that they could take anything.
-=== February to March 1944 - End of first tour overseas ===
-After staying with 441 for thirteen to fourteen months, only flying in the Wildcat, with around 40 combat missions, Joe went back to the mainland United States in February 1944. He came back with John and the two began instructing in a fighter training unit (squadron) in [[El Toro, California|El Toro,]] California. At El Toro he stayed at a hotel called [[Laguna Beach Hotel]] which was just nearby the base. It was 12 miles from the base and so they had a bus to go from there and back. At the hotel they had a pool and other kinds of things like that, nice stuff for the time. He then went to [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]], Florida and instructed there. At the time Joe was a Captain. One day, they and assuming others were in the ready room, and they were told that they needed two Captains to go overseas. Joe said:<blockquote>Well, we're ready</blockquote>He was indicating that him and John were both ready to go overseas. John felt the same way as Joe did and was ready to go too.
-=== March 1944 - Becoming a Captain and going back home ===
-In March 1944 Joe was promoted to the rank of Captain. At that time the squadron was scheduled for being rotated out of overseas service, and so he also was able to go back home after about a year. WHen they got back to California the squadron dispersed.
-=== March 1944 to January 1945 - Instructing and training in the Corsair ===
-Between the time that he came back and the time that he went back overseas, Joe went to go instructing in a training squadron in El Toro. For him it was good duty right there on the coast, always there being plenty of liberty action, freedom to do some stuff, by that time the restrictions in California having been alleviated. This was probably training of new pilots and such given his job.
-In any case at this time was when Joe first got into the [[Vought F4U Corsair|F4U Corsair]]. Instead of training in Wildcats they began training in the Corsairs. He thought it was a good airplane, to Joe preferrable to the Wildcat. Not as breakable as the Wildcat, and also the wings didn't fold parallel to the fuselage like the Wildcat but instead upwards. It had a lot more power, along with better speed, altitude, and everything else. While training in the plane they conducted live ordinance trainings. They practiced with Rockets, Napalm, .50 calibre guns, 1000lbs bombs, all what seemed to be pretty destructive.
-Just before they went overseas again, Joe was in the same situation as just before he was being shipped overseas for the first time. Specifically he wasn't in an actual squadron but was in a replacement draft.
-=== January 1945 - Going overseas a second time ===
-In January 1945, Joe and John volunteered to go overseas for the second time. Unfortunately for the two good friends of Joe and John, they went into two separate squadrons. Despite this they would keep in touch with each other. Joe now went to a new Marine Fighter Squadron which was based in the [[New Hebrides]], specifically an island called [[Espiritu Santo]], 500 miles east of Guadalcanal. This squadron, [[Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 323 (United States)|Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 323]], known as the "[[Death Rattlers]]", which had 51 pilots, had been overseas already for four to five, to six months then, since around July to August 1944. They all knew that they were going to Okinawa.
-While at Espiritu Santo they trained for 3 to 4 months.
-For the Okinawa Campaign Joe and the rest of the squadron got Corsairs to fly. Compared to the Wildcat's Pratt Whitney R-1830 engine with only 1000 horsepower, the Corsair had 2000 Horsepower with its Pratt Whitney R-2800 engine, a lot more powerful, making a good flying plane in Joe's opinion. Unlike the Wildcat the Corsair had a hydraulic system, where you charged the guns, raised the wings, and even raised the gear hydraulically.
-Since John and Joe were new to the squadron, they would not be able to fly the planes to Okinawa, or on the way there, unlike the more veteran members of the squadron. In any case they didn't have any more Corsairs for them. They had to take an LST to get there. They departed from Espiritu Santo, 500 miles east of Guadalcanal, en route to Okinawa.
-It was while Joe was in the 323 the US Marines finally took Tarawa.
-=== March to April 1945 - Trip overseas ===
-The trip on the LST took 38 days, in some part around 2 weeks, about a month and a half. He must have thought what a heck of a way it was for an aviator to get into the war, as for him it was a long ride. Had he flown there, he would have only taken a couple days.
-They first set out on the LST from Espiritu Santo to Guadalcanal, then to [[Ulithi]], stopping there for about 3 to 4 days. While there, one of the other squadrons which was on [[USS LST-322|LST-322]] which got hit by a kamikaze while they were there, which burned up all their gear and everything so the two other squadrons had to share squadron gear and whatever else was needed with them. Then they sailed off onto Okinawa.
-For him the experience on the LST wasn't all that good. The chow was kind of lousy. There were baked potatoes, black eyed peas, and would have been other things as well. For him it wasn't anything particularly spectacular. They had plenty of coffee though on there. At the time Joe was a smoker, just as everyone else was. He was also a drinker of alcohol, drank beer among other things. The heavy seas pitching on the LST made the experience worse as well.
-=== 1 April 1945 - The invasion of Okinawa ===
-On 1 April, the [[Battle of Okinawa|US invasion of Okinawa]] began. The US forces didn't have much opposition. At this point the US was down to opposing a bunch of little islands in the Pacific. Joe was there while the invasion was happening. He thought that he saw the most amount of ships ever seen his his life. Other than that, they weren't able to get up to the beach, and so had to sit out there waiting to be able to land on the island.
-=== 6 April 1945 - Getting to the beach ===
-On 6 April Joe's LST got to the beach of Okinawa. Unfortunately it would have to be a day until they could get ashore/.
-=== 7 April 1945 - Joe lands on Okinawa ===
-After waiting for six to seven days to get onto the island, on 7 April Joe was finally able to get on the beach. Him and the others were glad to be getting off onto Okinawa. He saw that the landscape on Okinawa was barren with craters and such (just as in E. B. Sledge's memoir described). Everything that was set up there by the US military was seen by him as pretty primitive. There were still men working on the runways, the airplanes still hadn't shown up yet, and they were living in tents and ate out of their mess kits as there was no mess hall, just had to do it outside. The flies and everything were so bad. The airfield that their squadron squadron was based out of and flew out of was [[Kadena Air Base]]. From here the squadron planes would be supporting the ground troops when they could and also patrolling. There wasn't a single time that the squadron, at least Joe, was based out of a carrier.
-=== 12 April 1945 - Joe's first flight out of Okinawa ===
-==== 1330 - Takeoff and interception ====
-On 12 April Joe finally got into his Corsair and flew out of Okinawa. He was three out of three divisions with 12 planes in his squadron.
-Him and other planes climbed to an altitude of 20,000 to 22,000 to feet. They were up there looking for planes. Finally the Fighter Director vectored the group North. There were some veteran members of the squadron that were saying that there were some Bogeys. Joe could only see some clouds and didn't see anything else. He then proceeded to look down real low below him and saw a blue colored airplane chasing some brown airplane or airplanes. He said:<blockquote>Well, I'm gonna go check him out.</blockquote>Joe took his plane down around 2,000 feet, to 20,000ft, in which he now had four [[Mitsubishi A6M Zero|Zero]]<nowiki/>s in front of his eyes in a [[Wingtip Formation]]. He picked the Tail end Charlie and shot at him. He wasn't thinking of hurting anyone in that plane, but pieces started coming off from the rear plane and the zero blew up, while Joe passed him. He put his stick at full throtle. He now thinks that there's three Japanese planes behind him and thinks:<blockquote>Well gosh there's three zeros behind me I better get out of here.</blockquote>He rolled his Corsair over and started down, reaching [[compressibility]], in which his airframe couldn't take going faster down, but stayed resulting in his stick starting to jump around and the ailerons getting messed up. He finally pulled out at about 9,000 feet. He then said:<blockquote>I was going home</blockquote>Or:<blockquote>I was going back to base</blockquote>He then proceeded back to base. For Joe it was an exciting experience. He thought to himself:<blockquote>Well this is what I have been looking for a long time.</blockquote>It was probably around this time of 12 April that it got announced to Joe and the other members that FDR passed away during his fourth term, a sad time for Joe and others as he was well thought of.
-=== 13 April 1945 - Second Flight out of Okinawa ===
-The day after his first flight, on Joe's second flight out of Okinawa, they took off and there were a bunch of Japanese planes letting down from their altitude, therefore were coming down at a faster speed than Joe and the others were. He tried shooting them but didn't get any hits. He managed to get in behind one and tried to shoot him, however the pilot evaded him. Despite this most of the Japanese pilots at this time were inexperienced.
-=== April to June 1945 ===
-==== 4 May 1945 - Shooting down a Nate ====
-On another mission at Okinawa Joe had another encounter. He spotted a lone [[Nakajima Ki-27|Ki-27 Nate]], a fix geared Japanese plane, which was flying at about 1,000 feet from the water, and was acting as a [[Kamikaze]] (which were coming from Japan and they were always on the lookout for them), for set course somewhere to never go back, and so Joe was going to make sure that he stayed down. Joe came in, the Nate completely oblivious it seemed to Joe's presence, and was shot down. The Nate, not going up in flames but exploding, just rolled over and went down into the ocean, there was no dogfight. That was Joe's second kill. From this, having killed 2 and messed up 3 American planes, he would like to begin to say that he is a generic ace as a joke. The crashed plane in the ocean and the Wildcat with the messed up wing are clearly 2 of the 3 messed up planes, but it isn't known what the 3rd one is.
-==== The squadron's kills ====
-During the April, May, and June months, the squadron shot down a total of 124 planes, being the most successful Marine Fighter Squadron. In total throughout the Okinawa campaign Joe had 100 combat missions, adding to his already 40 the first time, making 140. In total Joe shot down two planes during those missions, one a Zero, the other one a Nate. Joe had a lot of friends that were aces with five kills, but the chance was never given to him. Back then it wasn't easy to get a kill for a pilot. Joe thinks that the highest victory count in the squadron was 12 kills. He remembers a guy named "[[O'Kief]]", Irish name, who shot down around 7 planes. There was always the guarantee that once you came back to base from a mission and reported your kills that they would add another marking on the side of your plane indicating a kill. For Joe there wasn't any kind of personal celebration that he got a kill each time.
-The Squadron itself did loose some of its members (from being killed). For Joe and others they were sad to see them go.
-During the time at Okinawa they had Forward Air Controllers on the ground, who were aviators directing artillery and airplanes. As such Joe was providing Close Air Support for the troops on the ground. While conducting these missions Joe and the other members of his squadron carried, 500 lbs bombs, Napalm, Rockets, .50 Calibre guns, 650 Caliber guns, 2400 rounds. As such they were each able to do a lot of damage. They did so by talking to a Fighter Director on the ground instructing the pilot where to hit. If Joe scored a hit the Fighter Director would tell him that he did something good. He scored a hit probably about 3 times. It wasn't an easy task as you had to know where it was going. The Japanese on the ground did ever try to shoot him, what seemed to be a 20mm from generally open areas, however not once did he get hit. They did a lot of CAS on Okinawa, and Joe was happy to do it as he was able to help the guys on the ground, and thinks that that's what the Marine Corps needed, some support from the air.
-It was through these ground support actions that Joe earned his second Distinguished Flying Cross. Throughout the time and before a lot of the times that they would give you [[Air Medal]]<nowiki/>s was every 5 missions that you conducted, and in total Joe was to receive 11 of them over the years.
-In Joe's and others' mind, there was no doubt who was going to win the war. They knew that they were going to win and had confidence in themselves that they would achieve victory.
-Joe did write letters home, mainly to his mother not his siblings, however there wasn't anything special in their contents. It was mostly just the average "How were you doing" sort of thing. He didn't know how long it took to get the letter home.
-On another note there were some natives of Okinawa that Joe would have encountered.
-=== 15 June 1945 - Leaving Okinawa and going to Peleliu ===
-On 15 June Joe and presumably the other Death Rattlers left Okinawa. They were transferred to the island of Peleliu from then on and would stay until the end of the war. At Peleliu they had Joe and the other members of the squadron flying in their Corsairs on missions not with bombs or other ordinance but as patrols. They were patrolling a specific island in the [[Palau|Palau island group]], the island of [[Babelthuap]]. Since it was a big island they had to keep checking if they were trying to put together an invasion of Peleliu. They didn't know whether or not the Japanese were ever going to quit. There was still the fear that, despite having gone up the island chain, the Japanese were going to attack from one of the other islands that they were still occupying. There were still a bunch of them on Babelthuap, which is where the fear of it came from. [[Anguar]] was another island that the Japanese occupied which was just off of Peleliu, as the US never bothered to go ashore. Despite all this searching effort they never found any ships.
-On that topic Joe did indeed hear about some of the atrocities that the [[Japanese war crimes|Japanese had committed throughout the war]]. As such he did fear about getting captured, didn't want to, but luckily didn't become become a [[POW]]. He never heard any stories of being a POW from anyone he knew at the time since no one he knew was a POW.
-There were some natives of Peleliu that Joe would have encountered or seen.
-Just like on Funafuti there were films, music, and other kinds of entertainment. There were a few music things on Peleliu, not as many as on Funafuti.
-=== 6 August 1945 - First use of the atomic bomb ===
-On 6 August 1945, the United States dropped their first atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima in Japan. Everyone including Joe up until that point had been expecting to participate in the invasion of the [[Japanese archipelago|home islands]]. They knew it was going to be tough trying to take those islands. Although at the time they didn't know of any special preparations. While on Peleliu, Joe heard about the news and they all knew about it. They were thinking that one might have been enough, but turned out not to be so. The bomb was explained in what Joe saw as a weird deal, coving so much ground. They weren't shocked about the size of the bomb, just were happy about it. Up until this point there was no kind of indication that the United States was building the atomic bomb, it was a special kept secret, a complete surprise to them. Although Joe and the rest of the squadron were getting kind of burnt out from the action. At the time they were stopping any ordinance from being dropped by the planes on Japan, but kept on flying some. Despite this, Joe knew that something was up. Despite the bomb there was no kind of residue or anything coming their way. Hearing about the atomic bomb made him realize the enormity of it. Everyone was happy that it happened, maybe this would end the war they thought.
-=== 9 August 1945 - Second use of the bomb ===
-The Americans eventually dropped the second bomb.
-=== 15 August 1945 - Soviet Invasion of Manchuria ===
-The [[Soviet Union]] eventually invaded [[Japanese occupied Manchuria]]. Joe and the others were happy to the news that the Russians were joining in helping them out.
-=== 2 September 1945 - Surrender of Japan ===
-On 2 September, the news spread out of that the [[Surrender of Japan]] was being signed on the [[USS Missouri]] in [[Tokyo Bay]], and so the war was ending. The people reacted by celebrating some on Peleliu, specifically by drinking and partying, a person drinking around a beer or two. It was a euphoric feeling, the war being 4 years old, but those 4 years having felt very long, a long way from home. It wasn't like on Okinawa where they claimed that there were even some guys who were injured celebrating firing guns, bullets going up and the shrapnel falling on them.
-In total throughout the course of the war, Joe flew 140 missions.
-Throughout this entire war Joe had never come to admire any general he served under in particular, like the ones under [[MacCarthur]] did.
-=== During or after September - Getting back home ===
-After the war was over Joe was trying to get back home in the United States. The Corsairs remained at Peleliu, in which they would eventually bring them home on the carriers. Joe had hoped that he had enough points from the [[Adjusted Service Rating Score|point system]], but it seems that he didn't have enough to fly home (despite all his service in flight) so he had to sail home. He went from Peleliu to Guam, naturally wanting to fly home but wasn't able to. Therefore they set up there and waited around for about 2 to 3 weeks for a ship to get shipped back to the states, put the group on a ship, this time not an LST, but instead a troop transport. It was a two week trip, one which he felt was a pretty nice trip, not too bad.
-Throughout his whole time in the Corsair during the war, just like the Wildcat, there wasn't any particular one that he had a bond do, as he never flew the same plane hardly.
-=== 12 October 1945 - Arriving back to San Diego ===
-On 12 October, on [[Columbus Day]], Joe arrived back to San Diego, California. When they arrived there, Joe saw that there was a big airship that said:<blockquote>Welcome</blockquote>on it. He thought it was neat that they had that. People were indeed celebrating when they got back. Other than that there wasn't much of a welcome home, the people there had settled down by then. Despite this people had been happy the war was over even back home, as in some cases it was tough for them too. They didn't have tires, gasoline, butter, or anything. Since the last time that he had been in San Diego, the place had changed a lot, as there wasn't any war, and to Joe it seemed that everyone was pretty happy that the war ended.
-Having gotten back to San Diego Joe was just now hanging around and eventually got a ride with a guy in the car and drove all the way back home to either Corpus or Tyler.
-=== October 1945 and after - Going back home to see family ===
-After that Joe and the others went back home to see family. His father, having already passing away before American entry into the war, hadn't seen all that Joe had been up to. His mother though was still in Tyler. His sister that was born in 1910 didn't go into the service, and in Joe's eyes didn't think she went into the factories. His brother too didn't go into the service, but he didn't know what his two brothers were really up to. Since he only really corresponded with his mother he only really knew what she was up to. As it was, Tyler was just an old country town. The local people reacted to people like Joe by wanting to know what was happening overseas. Joe got to talk to the [[Boy Scouts of America|Boy Scouts]] and at Church. Despite going back home and such, Joe was actually still in the military.
-He enjoyed having gone home. It was emotional, especially since he hadn't seen his mother since back before he had gone to Corpus. He had never gotten any kind of leave to go see her or anything like that. She had feared that he was going to get shot down, although Joe never told her about having landed in the water.
-After having been out at sea Joe began missing flying.
-=== Before August 1946 - Going to Cherry Point, NC, meeting wife, and stationed in Puerto Rico and coming back ===
-After that Joe went to the East Coast, specifically to [[Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point]] at [[Havelock, North Carolina|Havelock]], [[North Carolina]].
-It might have been here that he met his future wife. At the Marine Corps base he met [[Naomi McPhail|Naomi]], a tower operator, a Marine Master Sergeant. Joe, her, and a couple of other girls went on a trip up to Washington D.C., in which Joe and Naomi got to be good friends. Joe dated her a couple of times as well.
-From there Joe got into an Infantry outfit that was bound to [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]], [[Puerto Rico]]. In this outfit Joe was assigned as a Forward Air Controller, specifically because he was an aviator, and they wanted aviators to direct planes and artillery. Having heard they wanted aviators on the ground, he didn't want to go, as he wanted to be flying, but was made as a Forward Air Controller anyways.
-Before getting there, they wanted Joe and others to take salt tablets due to it being hot and sweaty. He took a couple of them, and proceeded to throw up. He thought that maybe it was too much salt or something like that. They made landing in Puerto Rico and Joe had to go down the rope ladders and that kind of business.
-They stayed in Puerto Rico for about a month, then went back to Cherry Point.
-=== 1 August 1946 - Getting off of Cherry Point and going back to Dallas with Naomi, getting married ===
-On 1 August 1946 Joe was able to finally get off of the base at Cherry Point. That day he encountered the Dispersing Officer (also known as the paymaster), who told Joe:<blockquote>You know if you go fly four hours, I'll give you flight pay</blockquote>Joe, obviously wanting this flight pay, responded:<blockquote>I'll be back</blockquote>He went to get the four hours done, and came back to get his pay, around $120. Then he left Cherry Point. He went back to Dallas to go to school, and Naomi was able to get out of active duty and and go to Dallas as well, in which she began to work for [[Delta Airlines]] in their reservation system, which was in downtown Dallas, so the two were able to get together again. Eventually the two got married and she would begin to have kids. To Joe she would and had a pretty good career.
-=== September 1946 - Enrollment into SMU ===
-After getting of Cherry Point, Joe enrolled into Southern Methodist University in fall, September 1946, in Dallas, studying business and accounting. Whilst being in school he received some correspondances from the Marine Corps about flight pay. It seemed to him that they really wanted him back, as they put that he wasn't entitled to it. He decided to not give it back to them, thinking that he was gonna show them.
-=== Sometime 1948 - Marriage ===
-Sometime in 1948 Joe became married.
-=== August 1948 - Finishing studies at SMU ===
-In August 1948, Joe finished getting his Business BBA degree at SMU. Although he was still in the reserve at the time since after he had gotten back from service, although not active, when he thinks that he should have been but he wasn't, he wasn't going back into the Marines full time at the time. Therefore he had to find a job, and had a tough time at that, but was able to find a drilling company in Northwest [[Colorado]]. Being there, it was terribly cold, not a job really suited for his degree he had.
-Fortunately Joe's family somehow knew this partner that owned one of the 32:32 partners?, and he said:<blockquote>Well this accountant that was going to leave, and maybe you can go up there and everything work out.</blockquote>Afterwards Joe went to work in Tyler, his mother still living there. At the [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] Dealership, with the help of a guy [[John Young]], he got an office job there as an accountant. There, Joe did accounting, credit work, among other things. One day there was a guy named [[John Reeder]], who worked for the dealership in Dallas, came into the dealership and told Joe:<blockquote>You know, you ought to come get in the squadron. We need some guys</blockquote>Joe Replied:<blockquote>Okay, I'd like to do that</blockquote>
-=== May 1950 - Getting into reserve squadron in Dallas ===
-In May 1950, due to the conversation that he had with John Reeder, Joe got into a reserve squadron in Dallas (probably NAS Dallas), VMF-111, and so got to fly at this time. He got to fly for about 2 to 3 hours that weekend, and then the next time that the squadron went to Cherry Point, NC, on 2 weeks active duty, Joe couldn't get off and so didn't get to go.
-=== 23 June 1950 - Beginning of the Korean War ===
-On 23 June 1950, the Korean War began. It was sometime after this that 111 squadron came back from Cherry Point, and so Joe was able to participate in it. He wasn't even expecting to really join up the full service again. He hadn't even flown between 1946 to 1950, being in the reserve, so wasn't expecting to fly. There was a piece of paper that he had with him that showed that he lacked 8 days out of being 40 years in the reserve, those 8 days were the first 8 days that he signed up on 10 October 1941 to 18 October. The rest he was on active duty or in the reserve. Joe and nearly everyone else in the United States at the time were opposed to Communism, especially those of the Chinese, and opposed to its expansion.
-=== 1 August 1950 - Called up to join the conflict ===
-On 1 August 1950 Joe and his squadron were called up. He had already begun working for a Gas transmission company as a corporate pilot. He then after was called up for service to El Toro. He first went to NAS Dallas, staying there for 2 to 3 weeks, then went to El Toro. His wife, who was in the Marines, was understandable of his situation. Joe know that he was subject to being called up and was excited and ready to finally get back into the cockpit. His mother on the other hand would have been or probably wasn't all that happy that he was going back but there wasn't anything she could do about it.
-Him and other people, in Joe's mind, were honorable people. They wanted to win and protect the country.
-=== August to October 1950 - Training for the war ===
-For two or three weeks they stayed in Dallas and then went to El Toro, California. At first his wife went out there to El Toro where he was, being pregnant with their second baby, so she had to drive out there with another wife, together carpooling. They put him and his wife in a Quonset hut on the base at El Toro, half a quonset, it wasn't very clean or anything, and so his wife didn't like it. Finally they ended up getting them rented a house at [[Laguna Beach Hotel]], which he thought was a nice place. There they did even more training, specifically some instruments training. They were still going to fly Corsairs, however, this Corsair was a little more advanced than the one that they had at Okinawa. It had a four-blade prop and a little more horsepower and some other things but was still the Corsair Joe knew and loved. At El Toro he became friends with a guy named [[Bowland]], who was from California, and who was training with him. They even went down to El Centro, which was kind of in the Imperial Valley of California. There they did some training in some Wildcats. They didn't have any Corsairs as they were overseas, the thing that they were really going to fly for the war.
-Apparently Joe had also even been to [[Naval Air Station Miramar|NAS Miramar]] which was in California as well.
-Throughout the time that they were training, they were informed that they were going to Wonsan in North Korea.
-This whole time Joe's wife went along with him to these places. She was also expecting to deliver a child, so went back and stayed with Joe's mother, assumingly in Tyler, driving back by herself.
-=== October 1950 - Going to Korea ===
-In October 1950 Joe and his squadron went overseas to Korea. Unfortunately again for Joe he wasn't able to fly on over to Korea. That month he reported to [[Wonsan, North Korea|Wonsan]], [[North Korea]]. Joe was part of [[VMFA-214 (United States)|VFMA-214]], the [[Black Sheep Squadron]], which already had a bunch of veterans in it, not any from 323 squadron. At first when he was there he flew some missions. He flew 9 missions int he group in operations when he was in operations. But then he started to fly regularly when he was in 214. When he was in Wonsan Joe visited the town. To him it was just a regular town. This whole time in Korea they were to fly Corsairs, not getting the chance to fly [[F84|F84s]] or [[F86|F86s]]. Although Joe did want to fly jets, he was content with flying the Corsair again. Since they weren't going into jets Joe never went down into [[MiG Alley]].A typical flying there was about two and a half to three hours, sometimes longer. During these missions they were bombers, taking ordinance and bombing something. They would go on what was called an Armored Reconnaissance Mission, flying up over roads looking for anything they had. Him and the members of his squadron were told that everything north is free game. Joe was fired upon, not many times hit though, as he was too fast. He could see the orange balls coming up at him. The goal, at least for Joe, was to have 100 missions. During those missions not once was he ever shot down, felt blessed about it.
-While in Wonsan there wasn't any particular incidents it was just all day job work for him there.
-What gave him satisfaction was when they conducted [[Close Air Support|CAS]], as he felt it was helping the guys on the ground. Like at Okinawa, in Korea they also had Forward Air Controllers. Some of the members of his squadron did get shot down while providing CAS, but Joe never did. He never even encountered a MiG-15. They wanted the Air Force to take care of the MiGs, as they had F86s and other planes that could counter it. They didn't tell Joe and others in the Corsair what to do if they encountered one, but he thinks that they could probably outturn them.
-During his time there Bob Hope, part of the USO, flew into Wonsan, and the Marines landed at Incheon on the West Coast of the Korean Penninsula and had to come around to land at Wonsan. They hadn't cleared the harbor of the mines and so they set out there for about two weeks. Bob Hope flew in and so kids the Marines saying:<blockquote>I had to get Wonsan ready for them.</blockquote>Joe had never actually gotten to see Bob Hope during his time in Korea. Despite this Joe did like Bob Hope.
-=== Most memorable day in Korea, 150 planes attacking Sinuiju North Korea ===
-Joe's most memorable day in Korea was when he was involved on a mission with 150 planes going up to attack [[Sinuiju, North Korea|Sinuiju]], North Korea. Sinuiju was on the Yalu River, and it was thought that the enemy was building an airstrip there. The Airforce, Marines, and Navy were all involed in different altitudes. Joe and others went up to 15,000 feet with a 1000 lb bomb which had a [[Variable Time fuse|Variable Time Fuse]] (VT fuse), in which anything would set it off. Once it was armed it would arm, fall 1000 feet for example, and anything such as an airplane would set it off.
-They went in at 15,000 feet and dropped the bomb. Joe thought it was pretty exciting, as he could also see the [[MiG-15|MiG]]<nowiki/>s take off at Anton Airport in Manchuria at the Yalu River coming after Joe and the other planes. There was no concussion from the bomb as it exploded too far away. Seeing all the MiGs take off that day along with the 150 planes, a lot of manpower he thought, he was among made it a memorable day.
-=== November to December 1950 - At Yonpo ===
-The UN forces were still pushing North and winning against the North Koreans, and it seemed that they were going to win. He never did meet any other members of the UN forces (other than the Americans). He didn't even meet South Korean soldiers either, but thought that they were pretty good fighters. After coming off the carrier and Joe joining them, 214 joined in the [[Battle of the Chosin Resevoir]], Joe and his squadron went to be stationed at [[Yonpo Air Base]], nearby [[Hamhung]], which was as far North as Joe was going to go. They were there to support the 1st Marine Division at the resevoir. He remembers about Lt Col [[Raymond Leroy Murray|Murray]] who was in charge of a group that went up to [[Yudam-ni]], northwest of the resevoir, in which he would say:<blockquote>Yudam-ni, you damn right.</blockquote>This was while supporting the 1st Marine Divison. It was a big deal for Joe and the other members of his squadron. Because of where they were at at Yonpo, which was at 5,000 ft in altitude the planes didn't do quite as well on the ground, the higher you went the worse it got. The guys had it a tough time at the Resevoir, all disabled in some way, just mauled from the weather and freeze. They didn't have the right equipment either.
-Joe and his squadron didn't have air to air, but they did a lot of Close Air Support.
-Eventually when they were ran out of the resevoir they had to go back aboard the carrier.
-=== After December 1950, 1951 - Aboard the carrier Sicily ===
-Afterwards for about two months, someone or some people wanted the 214 to operate off a carrier, and so assigned them aboard the [[USS Sicily]], a [[jeep carrier]], only 600ft long. Unfortunately there were many reservists who weren't carrier qualified yet and they said that the squadron wasn't carrier qualified, and so were sent to Japan to get carrier qualified. They conducted Field Carrier Landing Practice in which they had a landing LSO (Landing Signal Officer) at [[Atami, Japan|Atami]], near [[Osaka, Japan|Osaka]], Japan, who would wave you in and gives you cut, land and take off and come around and do it again. The LSO was the first Marine to be a LSO in WWII, a guy named [[William R. Duncan|Duncan]], Joe thought that he was real good and got the squadron qualified real quick, and Joe even thought that it was interesting, feeling that he could handle most of what the Corsair could give him. Because the CVE-118 Sicily was an escort carrier being only 600ft long, it was a little more hard to learn it. He was still flying a Corsair when they were flying off of the Sicily. This was the only time that Joe had ever been assigned onto a carrier throughout his career, every other time he had been land based. As such he found it interesting the first time that he actually landed on a carrier. They went up and joined the rest of the group off the west coast of Korea. In fact, they had to get what were called Breeches Buoy, and go from the transport over to the carrier. While they were doing this they were loading some supplies up front, and the cable snapped and the supplies fell into the ocean. Joe and the others were worried about it. But in reality it wasn't a big deal. So the next day they had either all the airplanes on the hanger deck or all the airplanes in the air so they were letting them qualify. Joe and the others did what they were calling Deck Launch, just to get all the way back at the back and despite the short distance of the carrier, there wasn't any problems making the deck launches, so they got their 6 landings. The next day Joe went to, and then they come around and say, the first time:<blockquote>You know, you're a little apprehensive</blockquote>The next day there was one particular incident that Joe made a memory of. That day he was going on a mission and so had to go on the catapults with the other airplanes on the deck, on the flight deck with all the ordnances you were carrying. This plane couldn't get near, so they had to do catapults. So they or he taxied (him) and his Corsair onto the catapult the first time, and as soon as they hooked his plane they gave him the "offbreak" signal. Him and the other people sat there and watched them shoot the guy on his right side off the carrier. Then the guy tells him to run up to 30 inches and check your bags, then go full power, to which then Joe and the other man saluted and pulled the cord to it and he took off. When he got back from the missions, he came back to the ready room to find that there was a sign up on the chalkboard on the wall with written in big letters:<blockquote>McPhail a reluctant warrior</blockquote>Joe then asked someone:<blockquote>What's wrong?</blockquote>Or he said:<blockquote>What's this?</blockquote>Someone replied:<blockquote>You took off with your breaks on</blockquote>Joe knew then exactly what he did, that he poured the cold all to it, his feet automatically unintentionally went on the pedals for the break. When he pushed the throttle up, he didn't want his airplane to roll down that deck, and so did that purely unconsciously. Therefore they could see the blue smoke coming out, but it went away and thankfully there wasn't any damage to the plane.
-For a while they flew out of Japan when they got run out of North Korea. When he was in Japan on R and R, and he would go withdraw my money and they had taken that flight pay out of my pay.
-=== July 1951 - Ten months over ===
-After ten months, and 102 missions being completed (the 100 missions required), Joe got out of 214. He was put into what was called a Group and Joe was a Briefing Officer briefing flights before they went. He did that until it was time for him to go back home.
-In total, Joe had around 242 (or 240) missions with Korea/Japan and WWII combined, got two planes shot down, a zero and a Nate. He had a total of 1025 hours of flight in the Corsair, never had an accident or anything. He also had flown a total of 4000 hours during the wars, with the majority in the Wildcat, Corsair, and other single seater planes. As such Joe was pretty well impressed with it and its power. He at some point before or after got wind of the fact that the Japanese called the Corsair "the Whistling Death".
-Out of all that experience he was most proud of the two planes that he had shot down.
-By this time Joe had a total of 9 years of active duty.
-It was also at this time that he probably had his two [[Distinguished Flying Cross]]<nowiki/>es. He had the highest ribbon of the Distinguished Flying Cross. He also had 11 [[Air Medal|Air Medals]]. He also got the [[Commendation Medal|Navy Commendation Medal]].
-Although he damaged or destroyed some of his Wildcats, he never broke a Corsair throughout his time in them.
-Post war Joe didn't stay much in touch with his companions during the war, he was busy with the company that he worked at.
-=== August 1951 - Coming back home ===
-In August 1951 Joe got home. Fortunately for him this time Joe was able to fly himself home from Korea, something that he hadn't been able to do before on other missions.
-At the time he was still a Captain, now in the reserve. He didn't do much to get recognition at the time, but finally was able to make major at some point during the year 1951.
-=== 1952 to 1955 - Stationed at NAS Dallas ===
-After Korea, for two years from 1952 to 1955 Joe was stationed at NAS Dallas. Despite this he was still in the reserve being a weekend warrior in order to get his 20 or 22 years of satisfactory service to reap the benefits from that.
-They went up to [[San Antonio, Texas|San Antonio]] right up about at the [[Joint Base San Antonio|Airforce Base]]. Joe got to go out there and kick tires on airplanes.
-Unfortunately he wasn't able to find a job, was having a heck of at it during this time . So he went back to El Toro when he got back. In 1952, the Operations Officer in Korea that Joe knew was a guy from Texas named [[Earl Crow]] , who was a real good friend of his, and was CO of the Marine Air Reserve Training detachment in Dallas there at NAS Dallas. He told Joe:<blockquote>Well, heck, you know the exec up here is a guy named Shelto. He's got to go to Korea. Why don't you come up here and be my exec?</blockquote>Joe said to him:<blockquote>I'd like to</blockquote>
-==== May 1952 - Joining up in NAS Dallas ====
-In May 1952, thanks to Earl, Joe went up to NAS Dallas to be the Executive Officer of the Marine Training Detachment in a training squadron, where they were training Weekend Warriors like Joe was when he was called up to service originally at NAS Dallas around 11 years before, got stationed there with Earl. At some point Joe went out of California again but never went overseas. In a way he hoped to go in again to get his time in. As a Weekend Warrior he sometimes had to drive to California for two weeks active duty and then drive back. Did training for CAS and all that kind of stuff.
-==== May 1955 - Leaving the Marine Air Reserve Training detachment ====
-In May 1955 Joe left the Marine Air Reserve Training detachment, after being in the unit for 3 years, coming off as a Lt Colonel. Despite this he stayed in the reserve and so the guys would want him to fly on the weekends.
-==== 1 August 1955 - Working at the Gas Transmission Company ====
-On 1 August 1955 Joe went to work for a Trunkline Gas Company/Gas Transmission Company based out of [[Houston, Texas|Houston]]<nowiki/>as well as [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]] where he would fly executives, people, among others as a corporate pilot, flying some of the high officials of the company, and personally got to know some of them. Joe thought that they were nice, appreciating his transportation. The president of the company served as a Washerman during the war. His boss was also a Marine aviator from the war. Some other people that he flew were in the war as well. The company's pipeline started in the [[Rio Grande]] in Texas, and went to the [[Michigan]] border in [[Indiana]], right through the heart of the country, about [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]]<nowiki/>and around that way. Since Joe was still in the reserve, he had to go to NAS Dallas on the weekends. His boss didn't like it when Joe went on the weekends because it meant that he had to fly in his place. Throughout his career there he flew Cesna 310, Twin Beach, Lone Star, Howard 500, Jet Star, and a J2, in which for his whole time at the company he got more than 13,000 flight hours. The fact that he loved flying was what got him through the job.
-After he had gotten out, Joe decided to stay in the reserve until he was able to receive 20 years satisfactory service to get paid. He already had 9 years of active duty under his belt, and so did the rest as a weekend warrior type. He had to get 50 points per year to get satisfactory service. Since his boss didn't like him being out, he got out but stayed in what was called a volunteer training unit until he got his 20 years.
-=== 1955 - Promoted to Lieutenant Colonel and then Colonel ===
-In 1955 Joe was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel, at the time at NAS Dallas. He had been getting promoted throughout his career due to having clinged to the service, not particularly due to any action, but was a respectable pilot.
-=== 1958 - Joining Volunteer Training Unit in Houston ===
-While in the reserve and still doing Weekend Warrior activity, Joe was eventually told (in Dallas):<blockquote>Well, we got so many lieutenant colonels that, you know, you're gonna have to get out</blockquote>Joe said:<blockquote>Well, okay</blockquote>Therefore Joe went down to Houston into what was called a Volunteer Training Unit, or VTU for short. This unit would come and meet once a month or so. There he was able to get some correspondence courses among other things. It was in here where he was able to get his 20 years satisfactory service. That year or after 1958, Joe wrote a letter to Marine Corps Headquarters. A guy who was called up to serve in Korea alongside Joe, named , wrote Joe back a letter saying:<blockquote>You know, if its not imperative you get out, you're in a zone for bird colonel</blockquote>Or:<blockquote>Well, stick around. You're in a zone for bird colonel</blockquote>Joe responded back enthousiaticly:<blockquote>Well, cancel my request!</blockquote>Therefore Joe was able to make bird colonel. They partially made him colonel due to his time of service. He stayed in the VTU for active duty where he'd go on two weeks active duty. A lot of times he went down to El Toro, nearly every time. It didn't bother him as he enjoyed going there.
-=== Joining the Chosin Few ===
-Some time maybe even decades after the Korean War, the men at the [[Chosin Few]] organization's chapter in Houston allowed Joe to join the organization because him and the rest of his squadron had supported the men in the pocket at Chosin. The Chosin few's chapter in Houston had a guy named [[Jesse Harper]] as president. He was a veteran of Okinawa and also at the Resevoir. The chapter met once a month, with around 30 to 40 guys attending. They had a tough time there, every one of them having a disability of some kind.
-=== Ba Ba Black Sheep TV Show ===
-When the Ba Ba Black Sheep TV show aired, which everyone knew about, it was about Joe's 214 squadron that he was in. People ask Joe when they hear he was in 214 if he knew Gregory Boyington, which of course Joe did not as he joined too late.
-=== 1955 to 1975 - Vietnam War ===
-During the Vietnam War, Joe remained Houston. He had no activity during that time. Joe was glad to miss that war, really was, really felt for those men that had to go through it, as it was tough.
-=== 10 October 1981 - Officially out of the USMC ===
-On 10 October 1981 Joe was officially out of the United States Marine Corps. He got out at this time because he was 60, and that was when you get your pay 20 years satisfactory service, still as a colonel. By this time and with his service in the company, Joe had around 17,000 flight hours (4000 of which was from the wars).
-=== Around 1983 to 1984 - Retiring from the gas company ===
-After being employed at the gas company in Houston for 32 or 33 years, Joe finally retired.
-=== October 2009 - 25th Annual Wings Over Houston Airshow ===
-In October 2009 Joe was attended the 25th annual Wings Over Houston Airshow. He interviewed along with A.J. High, a WWII veteran who wrote "Meant to Fly".
-=== 3 June 2011 - Interview with James Crabtree from Voices of Veterans ===
-On 3 June 2011 Joe McPhail did an interview. At the time of the interview, Larry, his younger brother, was living in Austin. He also noted that he knew that at the Battle of Midway there were some Brewster Buffalos, about 20 to 30 of them that fought, except they weren't good against zeros.
-Joe McPhail: Yeah, Yamamoto. Yamamoto, that’s right. Joe McPhail: That was really an interesting, I read a lot about it. You know, they used the P-38s and they were flying out of Henderson Field on Guadalcanal. But, you know, heck, the Wildcats they had down there and what we had just didn’t have the range. We, heck, you couldn’t go 300 miles and then come back. So they had those belly tanks on the P-38s and they were able to go up there. And that was really a feat, I think. The timing and everything. I think they had gotten some codes too where I think they kind of knew. They knew where he was going to be in general, what his plan was going to look like and were able to take him out. Joe McPhail: And they knew that he was pretty punctual too. He was an on-time guy, so it really worked out good for ’em.
-=== 20 January 2014 - Interview in Dickinson, Texas ===
-On 20 January 2014, Joe conducted an approximately 50 minute long interview with Alice Braud Jones who was from the Sam Houston chapter of the DAR and the Fort Virginia Point Chapter of the UDC, as well as Anne Smith and Hellen Stein who were also from both chapters. Joe talked about his early life and experiences during WWII and the Korean War.
-During the interview he explained that not a lot of people know what the Piper Cubs are.
-He tells everybody that the war was fun for Joe.
-At the moment of this interview he is reading a book called "Aviators", and its about Rickenbacher, Doolittle, and Lindberg, and Rickenbacher, they wanted him to go overseas as a kind of consultant and they shipped and got lost in the Atlantic, was int he raft for 26 days, well the little Island called Funafutti, they found him from OS2Us, found him in the rafts, they hada tough time, no food no water, they called a seagull and ate it, and used the insides for baits, they had some fishhooks. He finds it interesting to read about those guys. He thinks they were tough.
-They heard that they dropped the atomic bomb, they were all happy that it happened, maybe this would end it. He was in peleliu when he heard the war was ending. The people reacted by celebrating some on the island. They claimed that on Okinawa that even some guys were injured celebrating firing guns, bullets going up they gotta go down. Alice Jones the interviewer had talked to one of the Navajo Code talkers doing an interview and he was on Iwo Jima, and he said when they heard the news, the Americans started jumping up and down, but the Japanese hadn't heard the news, and so they were still firing at that point. And so it took some time for the Japanese to stop firing, and some of them that did were so embarrassed that they just hid out for a long time. Joe says that in the Phillippines there was a Japanese guy in 1948 taht resisted for three years.
-The book that Joe is currently reading tells about Richenbacher and him in that raft and he felt for him because he said it was a five man raft but I want to see the man who designed it for five men aint no way five men could stand in it. It reminds Joe of the one man raft he was in while he was in 441.
-- 22:35 Did he have any indications at all of the atomic weapons that the united states was building at that time? No, it was a well kept secret, probably a good thing too since the Germans were working on it, trying to develop a bomb as well, and so they needed to keep a secret.
-Joe stayed overseas for 13 months didn't really do anything. They moved up to another island called Nanamia, and they were, Funafuti was about 700 miles below Tarawa, Nanamia was about 500 miles, no way for a Wildcat to fly there and back, but they were just there to keep the Japanese from getting it. it was the same reason to take Iwo Jima start flying the planes, they started flying the P-51s to escort the B29s to Japan. But nwo the Japanese had already that was home land for them and they had two airfields on Iwo, they had thousands of miles of trenches dug under the volcanic soil, one of the bloodiest battles of the war, so was Guadalcanal. A battle that nobody had heard about was Peleliu, they told the marines, the marine general said it would only take them two or three days, but took a month, and then they went some place else and the army came in and took over and heck they lost people too. Those tunnels and stuff, bloody nose ridge they talked about, they just couldn't get them out, burn them out mostly. The airfield was real close to the bloodynose ridge, the guys would come in, drop their bombs, go back, rearm, it wouldn't take them fifteen minutes. It was that close. It was tough at Peleliu.
-Joe says that if the Marines had one squadron it was the 214
-Joe doesn't trust himself to fly anymore. Joe believes that all kids should have mandatory military service. How did service affect rest of your life, lessons, etc? I think its puntual, dependable, never did feel that I was patriotic. I am nowadays.
-=== 23 March 2018 - Interview with KIII 3 News at Kingsville Airshow in Texas ===
-At the time that he was 96, Joe went to the Kingsville Airshow in Kingsville, Texas, the same place where he had trained the one time before. He did a short interview in which he described his service with [[KIII 3 News]].
-Near the end of the news segment interview he commented that:<blockquote>We were honorable people, we wanted to win and protect the country. Im kind of sorry Im not still involved, I'd like to help them even today.</blockquote>
-=== 24 May 2018 - Helping planting flags at Sagemont Chruch ===
-For memorial day 2018 Joe was invited to go help plant American flags for the buried dead at the [[Sagemont Chruch, Houston, Texas|Sagemont Chruch]] in [[Houston, Texas|Houston]]. An article was written about it and some of Joe's actions as a veteran of WWII and the Korean War.
-=== 27 June 2018 - Interview with Erik Johnston at airshow ===
-On 27 June 2018 a video was posted onto YouTube of an interview with Erik Johnston of Colonel Joe McPhail and his experiences during the war.
-" I tell everyone I wrecked three American Airplanes and shot down two Japanese airplanes, so I consider myself a generic ace. "
-=== 10 October 2019 - 98th birthday and Pacific War Museum Fredricksberg plaque: ===
-[[null|link=File:Joe_McPhail_National_Museum_of_the_Pacific_War_Plaque.jpg|right|thumb|Plaque commemorating the service of Joe McPhail at the [[National Museum of the Pacific War]]]]
-On Joe's 98th birthday his family presented him with a 10x7 plaque that was going in the National Museum of the Pacific War. It is located on the Plaza West Wall on row 2, section 5. It states that he served between 4 December 1941 to 15 September 1946 in VMF-323, training in the F2A, flying in the Wildcat and Corsair in combat. In Korea he served between June 1950 and July 1951 in VMA-124, flying off the carrier Sicily. He was awarded Numerous medals including two Distinguished Flying Crosses and 11 Air Medals, as well as the Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal.
-<nowiki>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8RadHDs3uEk</nowiki>
-<nowiki>https://www.fredericksburgstandard.com/2021/03/10/honoring-a-hero/</nowiki>
-Joe's younger brother was there, the golden raisin story.
-His brother followed in his footsteps and joined in the Marine Corps as a pilot, was an admirer of Joe: 11:50
-His wife was a Marine at Cherrypoint, she was actually from Cherrypoint NC.
-=== 1 July 2021 - Interview posted by KLTV and trip to Tyler Rose City Airfest ===
-On 1 July 2021 an interview with KLTV was posted of Joe talking about his service. It was also noted that he was going to the Tyler Rose City Airfest with another veteran [[Ralph Coleman Graham]].
-=== Auction for Joe McPhail signed pilot's cap ===
-An auction was held for the James H. Doolittle Scholarship Fund for a pilot's cap that was signed by Joe McPhail.
-=== 27 July 2023 - American Warriors Project documentary interview and '''EAA AirVenture Oshkosh''' ===
-On 27 July 2023 a documentary interview of Joe McPhail was posted to the American Warriors YouTube Channel and their website.
-At the time he was 101 years old, and that October would be 102.
-Joe at the end of the interview said that he felt blessed to have done all of it, and would do it all over again.
-On the same day at 10 am Joe was scheduled at the EEA AirVenture Oshkosh to be in review with Lt. JG Sam Clauzel and Adam Makos with [[Vought F4U-7 Corsair “Devotion”]].
-=== 6 October 2023 - Wings Over Houston Airshow scheduled for Meet Legends and Heroes tent ===
-On 9 October Joe was shown to be scheduled for a meeting Legends and Heroes tent at the Wings Over Houston airshow between 29 to 30 October.
-=== 19 October 2023 - Interview in his own home by Paul Sidle of the WWII Archives ===
-On 19 October 2023 Joe conducted an interview with Paul Sidle from the WWII Archives.
-At the end of the interview Paul asked Joe:<blockquote>What advice would you give to future generations?</blockquote>Joe responded:<blockquote>Well I wanted to fly fighters, and I chose the Marine Corps, and they didn't have any patroll planes or transports or anything like that. And I think that anybody that wanted to fly fighters, they should choose the Marine Corps.</blockquote>Joe didn't think that the Marine Corps Air Force was in any particular way superior to that of the Air Force. It was just his personal preference.
-=== 11 November 2023 - Houston honors Joe and others for Veterans Day ===
-Joe McPhail was one of the veterans honored by Houston City for veterans day. It was claimed that he was the oldest surviving fighter pilot in the United States.
-=== 22 November 2023 - Texas Lottery Veteran Recognition article ===
-On 22 November 2023 Joe did an interview which was turned into an article for the [[Longhorn Foundation]].
-== Citations ==
-==
-<references />  ==
-== Bibliography ==
-==
-* {{Cite interview |last=McPhail |first=Joe |interviewer=Alice Braud Jones, as well as Anne Smith and Hellen Stein |title=Joe McPhail collection |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/afc2001001.94714/ |date=20 January 2014}}<cite data-ve-ignore="true" class="citation interview cs1" id="CITEREFMcPhail2014">McPhail, Joe (20 January 2014). [https://www.loc.gov/item/afc2001001.94714/ "Joe McPhail collection"] (Interview). Interviewed by Alice Braud Jones, as well as Anne Smith and Hellen Stein.</cite><span data-ve-ignore="true" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joe+McPhail+collection&rft.date=2014-01-20&rft.aulast=McPhail&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fitem%2Fafc2001001.94714%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fwwii-archives.org%3AJoe+McPhail"></span>
-* {{Cite interview |last=McPhail |first=Joe |interviewer=Erik Johnston |title=WWII Marine Pilot Col Joe McPhail Veteran Tales |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HeV3D-Ugi_8 |date=27 June 2018}}<cite data-ve-ignore="true" class="citation interview cs1" id="CITEREFMcPhail2018">McPhail, Joe (27 June 2018). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HeV3D-Ugi_8 "WWII Marine Pilot Col Joe McPhail Veteran Tales"] (Interview). Interviewed by Erik Johnston.</cite><span data-ve-ignore="true" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WWII+Marine+Pilot+Col+Joe+McPhail+Veteran+Tales&rft.date=2018-06-27&rft.aulast=McPhail&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DHeV3D-Ugi_8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fwwii-archives.org%3AJoe+McPhail"></span>
-* {{Cite interview |last=McPhail |first=Joe |interviewer=Michael Gibson |title=98-year-old WWII veteran attending air show |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5z2i4c4GBTg |date=23 March 2018}}<cite data-ve-ignore="true" class="citation interview cs1" id="CITEREFMcPhail2018">McPhail, Joe (23 March 2018). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5z2i4c4GBTg "98-year-old WWII veteran attending air show"] (Interview). Interviewed by Michael Gibson.</cite><span data-ve-ignore="true" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=98-year-old+WWII+veteran+attending+air+show&rft.date=2018-03-23&rft.aulast=McPhail&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D5z2i4c4GBTg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fwwii-archives.org%3AJoe+McPhail"></span>
-* {{Cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Joe McPhail {{!}} WWII Corsair Pilot and USMC Veteran - American Warriors |url=https://americanwarriors.com/project/joe-mcphail/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115161128/https://americanwarriors.com/project/joe-mcphail/ |archive-date=15 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=American Warriors}}<cite data-ve-ignore="true" class="citation web cs1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20231115161128/https://americanwarriors.com/project/joe-mcphail/ "Joe McPhail | WWII Corsair Pilot and USMC Veteran - American Warriors"]. ''American Warriors''. 27 July 2023. Archived from [https://americanwarriors.com/project/joe-mcphail/ the original] on 15 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span data-ve-ignore="true" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Warriors&rft.atitle=Joe+McPhail+%7C+WWII+Corsair+Pilot+and+USMC+Veteran+-+American+Warriors&rft.date=2023-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanwarriors.com%2Fproject%2Fjoe-mcphail%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fwwii-archives.org%3AJoe+McPhail"></span>
-* {{Cite interview |last=McPhail |first=Joe |interviewer=Cody Rheault |title=Joe McPhail {{!}} Part 1 {{!}} WWII Corsair Pilot and USMC Veteran |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-GaK4oryNA |date=27 July 2023}}<cite data-ve-ignore="true" class="citation interview cs1" id="CITEREFMcPhail2023">McPhail, Joe (27 July 2023). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-GaK4oryNA "Joe McPhail | Part 1 | WWII Corsair Pilot and USMC Veteran"] (Interview). Interviewed by Cody Rheault.</cite><span data-ve-ignore="true" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joe+McPhail+%7C+Part+1+%7C+WWII+Corsair+Pilot+and+USMC+Veteran&rft.date=2023-07-27&rft.aulast=McPhail&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dj-GaK4oryNA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fwwii-archives.org%3AJoe+McPhail"></span>
-* {{Cite interview |last=McPhail |first=Joe |interviewer=Cody Rheault |title=Joe McPhail {{!}} PART 2 {{!}} Oldest Living F4U Corsair Pilot |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ViTA2MnbcI |date=3 August 2023}}<cite data-ve-ignore="true" class="citation interview cs1" id="CITEREFMcPhail2023">McPhail, Joe (3 August 2023). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ViTA2MnbcI "Joe McPhail | PART 2 | Oldest Living F4U Corsair Pilot"] (Interview). Interviewed by Cody Rheault.</cite><span data-ve-ignore="true" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joe+McPhail+%7C+PART+2+%7C+Oldest+Living+F4U+Corsair+Pilot&rft.date=2023-08-03&rft.aulast=McPhail&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D4ViTA2MnbcI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fwwii-archives.org%3AJoe+McPhail"></span>
-* {{Cite interview |last=McPhail |first=Joe |interviewer=Paul Sidle |title=Joe McPhail Interview 19 October 2023 |url=https://archive.org/details/img-2527_202310 |date=19 October 2023}}<cite data-ve-ignore="true" class="citation interview cs1" id="CITEREFMcPhail2023">McPhail, Joe (19 October 2023). [https://archive.org/details/img-2527_202310 "Joe McPhail Interview 19 October 2023"] (Interview). Interviewed by Paul Sidle.</cite><span data-ve-ignore="true" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joe+McPhail+Interview+19+October+2023&rft.date=2023-10-19&rft.aulast=McPhail&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimg-2527_202310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fwwii-archives.org%3AJoe+McPhail"></span>
-* {{Cite interview |last=McPhail |first=Joe |interviewer=James Crabtree |title=McPhail, Joe Interview |url=https://voicesofveterans.org/oral-history/mcphail.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204201940/https://voicesofveterans.org/oral-history/mcphail.html |archive-date=4 December 2023 |date=3 June 2011}}<cite data-ve-ignore="true" class="citation interview cs1" id="CITEREFMcPhail2011">McPhail, Joe (3 June 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231204201940/https://voicesofveterans.org/oral-history/mcphail.html "McPhail, Joe Interview"] (Interview). Interviewed by James Crabtree. Archived from [https://voicesofveterans.org/oral-history/mcphail.html the original] on 4 December 2023.</cite><span data-ve-ignore="true" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=McPhail%2C+Joe+Interview&rft.date=2011-06-03&rft.aulast=McPhail&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvoicesofveterans.org%2Foral-history%2Fmcphail.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fwwii-archives.org%3AJoe+McPhail"></span>  ==
-*
-=== History of the 323 ===
-<nowiki>https://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfMarineFighterAttackSquadron323/mode/2up?q=McPhail</nowiki>
-=== Vintage aircraft and a 101-year-old Marine Corps 'hero' invite you to the next East Texas air show ===
-<nowiki>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5gbtAhzwtB0</nowiki>
-<nowiki>https://www.wfaa.com/article/news/local/vintage-aircraft-101-year-old-marine-corps-hero-invite-you-next-east-texas-air-show/287-afb0f9f2-90a4-43a6-8bed-005a7d1a10eb</nowiki>
-<nowiki>https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/other/vintage-aircraft-and-a-101-year-old-marine-corps-hero-invite-you-to-the-next-east-texas-air-show/ar-AA1cEVPP</nowiki>
-<nowiki>https://www.kens5.com/article/news/local/vintage-aircraft-101-year-old-marine-corps-hero-invite-you-next-east-texas-air-show/287-afb0f9f2-90a4-43a6-8bed-005a7d1a10eb</nowiki>
-<nowiki>https://headtopics.com/us/less-boo-for-your-buck-for-the-second-halloween-in-a-row-47972420</nowiki>
-<nowiki>https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1620639128344507</nowiki>
-<nowiki>https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/vintage-aircraft-and-a-101-year-old-marine-corps-hero-invite-you-to-the-next-east-texas-air-show/ar-AA1cEVPP</nowiki>
-Joe doesn't believe he's a hero. I like to fly and thats all that counts. This interview was conducted by Kevin Reese from Dallas at the Cavanaugh Flight Museum in Addison in front of a WIldcat, one of the planes he used to fly, WWII Korea, Are you really 101, yessir, really, I'm nearly 102 on 10 October. He will be the guest of honor at the Rose City Airfest in Tyler on 30 June, and thunder over Cedar Creek Lake Air Show on July 1st. The Colonel says he's too old to fly himself now.
+===Units of Measurement===
+When putting units of measurement, the metric system will always be either the only one used, or used with another system of measurement (especially imperial). For the latter case, you will have one unit being presented, with the other in conversion in parenthesis. For example, "Exactly 270 miles (434.5229 km)." Whichever way that the source or context you are dealing with presents a system of measurement, will be presented first, with the conversion presented in parenthesis. For the context, if it is a country or group that uses a particular system of measurement (such as the US, Canada, UK, etc with the Imperial system) then the measurement will be presented in Imperial first. If the context is one that uses both metric and another system (for example in a battle in Europe that involved the US against the Germans and others), then metric will be presented first in metric then in imperial.
-Joe doesn't consider himself to be a celebrity.
+Different systems of measurement that will be commonly used include:
-=== Death Rattlers Article ===
+*Distance and length
-<nowiki>https://www.pressreader.com/usa/flight-journal/20190601/281685436253407</nowiki>
+*Mass
+*Time
+*Temperature
-== News Articles and such: ==
+When dealing with time, the same applies as with the metric vs other systems of measurement. This time the 24-hour clock (whether its military or non-military using the : or not) in place of metric and 12-hour clock in place of the imperial system. <!-- Try implementing indicating timezones later. Man this is gonna be hard to figure out -->
-<nowiki>https://www.thenorthwestern.com/story/money/2023/05/18/eaa-airventure-oshkosh-commemorative-beer-offered-for-70th-anniversary/70229106007/</nowiki>
-<nowiki>https://www.kltv.com/2021/07/01/webxtra-east-texas-world-war-ii-veterans-be-honored-air-show/</nowiki>
+Other systems of measurement for scientific purposes can also be used.
-<nowiki>https://tylerpaper.com/news/feel_good_features/history-made-world-war-ii-veterans-cap-off-rose-city-airfest/article_7e259956-dc5c-11eb-a20c-739df82a025b.html</nowiki>
+===Using the conditional perfect conjugation===
+On the WWII Archives, the conditional perfect conjugation (would have + simple past tense verb, such as would have had, would have wanted, would have walked), as well as the conditional perfect continuous (would have been + simple past) serves almost a second purpose other than its normal use. On the Archives it is also used to indicate something that can be guessed to be true, but no source has ever directly/specifically said it. For example, if you are writing about an individual soldier who arrived to a snowy front, and you know his unit began wearing winter clothes after arriving, then you would say "After getting off the train, he would have been given winter clothing, which his unit was given." Because the sources never directly say that he in particular got winter clothing, you have to use one of those conjugations. You can also use words to indicate possibility, such as "probably", "possibly", "likely", "unlikely", etc.  Of course you will need to cite evidence as to why you think this is, so almost always will it be citing a section of another article. See the sections below.
-<nowiki>https://tylerpaper.com/news/campv-recognizes-three-veteran-honorees-during-third-annual-rose-city-airfest/article_01992d00-1533-11ee-b851-5762b9f7e473.html</nowiki>
+===Sources, citing, quoting, and linking===
+[[File:CitationExampleForWAMoS.png|right|400px]]
+This section described how to cite, quote, and link.
-<nowiki>https://www.chron.com/houston/article/Choir-sings-Battle-Hymn-of-the-Republic-for-8520939.php</nowiki>
+====Citing====
+In order to cite a source, you must click on the "Cite" option in the toolbar which will give you a list of options. You will then have to add a new template (the cite templates always start with the word "cite"). When citing any source that has a url, you must always archive that url in an archiving website such as web.archive.org. The archived url will then be added to the "archive" field in the citation options.
-<nowiki>https://tylerpaper.com/news/feel_good_features/east-texas-world-war-ii-veterans-share-their-stories-of-service-ahead-of-rose-city/article_ba9f2998-da8a-11eb-aa4b-f744893cc1c7.html</nowiki>
+=====Citing claims made by others and ones only made users on the Archives' Discussion Pages=====
+Generally if there has been someone, some researcher, historian, scholar, academic, genealogist, etc that has made a claim about something somewhere, and is accepted, it should be the thing that is cited along with the sections later in the article or in other articles (see the next section) that produce the evidence to back up that claim. If someone else had already produced a claim and the evidence to support that claim before you or others did, then they should be the ones given credit for it.
-<nowiki>https://www.dallasnews.com/news/2019/11/10/photos-saluting-texans-of-the-greatest-generation/</nowiki>
+However at some point (usually coming up when writing about small subjects), there will be times when only someone or some people on the WWII Archives Discussion Pages have made a certain argument, claim, or point that you’d like to cite, that hasn't been made anywhere else. In this instance it is best to use neutral language when referring to them, but it is possible to use names as well. Otherwise if there isn’t any person that has made an argument or claim that you are making, it isn’t necessary to put it all down in the Discussion Page if it is a small subject. However if it is a larger or broader subject it is suggested that you do put your claim down in the Discussion Page (on something like a larger battle, war, a large unit, theatre of war, leader, etc).
-<nowiki>https://tylerpaper.com/news/campv-hosts-special-reception-to-recognize-pilots-honorees-of-rose-city-airfest/article_bb4cba1a-1762-11ee-a54e-570a33fb9419.html</nowiki>
+=====Citing other articles=====
+At first to the reader this may sound like a bad idea, "why would you cite yourself?" In truth, un a fundamental level, this isn't a site like Wikipedia. Each article is written by one or multiple users using multiple sources, therefore it isn't something "citing itself". The reason why we are actively encouraging the citing of other articles, other sections of articles, and other sections of the same article, is because it serves as making articles more organized, the process of writing articles more efficient, and access to the full list of detailed evidence and explanations more accessible and easier to find.
-<nowiki>https://wingsoverhouston.com/legends/col-joe-mcphail/</nowiki>
+It would be less efficient to try to find external secondary and primary sources to back up a claim, when that has already been done on the Archives which goes into a lot more detail and has even more evidence. For example, if you were writing an article about a soldier, and you didn't have many sources about his experiences, and you have the article about his unit making claims about the general experiences of the unit in a battle, you could just cite the section of his unit's article to make a claim he went through the same experience. That would be a lot easier than having to recite the same evidence the unit's article already did which also goes into much more detail that the soldier's article will. It will be easier to also verify and check the data, claims, and evidence that is used/made.
-<nowiki>https://www.cbs19.tv/article/news/local/vintage-aircraft-101-year-old-marine-corps-hero-invite-you-next-east-texas-air-show/287-afb0f9f2-90a4-43a6-8bed-005a7d1a10eb</nowiki>
+This is why it is also great with data as well. If you knew the exact casualties of each company of a division during a battle, you can just cite from the division's article all the way through the battalions, regiments, etc down to the articles of each company that explain exactly who died and how in each company. That way anyone will be able to verify the statistics claims made in the article of the division.
-<nowiki>https://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/slideshow/WW-II-vets-witness-historic-flight-from-Houston-105386.php</nowiki>
+A general rule of thumb is that the broader subject articles, the more they'll link to articles on smaller subjects that provide the most details about that subject. However this ultimately depends on the situation, and the editors must decide what they cite for what claim.
-<nowiki>https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1637309666367589</nowiki>
+====Linking====
+One of the main purposes of linking on the WWII Archives is linking to other articles. Any type of subject can range from any of the types of articles. This includes Geographic Location, an individual you mention (biographical), an idea, technology, event, etc. If there is a topic or subject that you mention, it should be linked to some sort of article on the Archives. The general rule of thumb is that the first time that thing is mentioned on the Summary section, or the first time mentioned in the Content part of the article, is when you link to that article. Notice how for both the Summary and the Content parts of the article, they're different. So if you mention WWII for the first time in the Summary, and link to the main article on WWII, then you will have to do it again if you first mention it in the content part. After that, for both sections, you won't have to link to those articles again.
-<nowiki>https://airshowstuff.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=4175&start=50</nowiki>
+There are two ways of linking. In both ways you click on the link button in the toolbar. The first is linking to an article on the Archives. You can either search for the article, or paste in the url (especially if it is a Multimedia or something else, although usually for those you'd cite them). The other is to link to an external site if needed.
-<nowiki>https://wingsoverdallas.org/veteran-voices/</nowiki>
+====Quoting====
+When quoting something, you are usually quoting one of the following:
-<nowiki>https://www.khou.com/video/news/local/world-war-ii-veteran-turns-102/285-830e0b49-201c-4016-abfa-8d3ca0e38342</nowiki>
+*Quoting someone saying something, or a short message
+*Quoting a document, letter, message, speech, something written, etc
-<nowiki>https://www.11alive.com/video/news/local/world-war-ii-veteran-turns-102/285-830e0b49-201c-4016-abfa-8d3ca0e38342</nowiki>
+For the first situation, you will use the "Block Quote" option in the dropdown menu on the left side of the toolbar. Every time someone speaks, it will be put in block quote. If you are quoting someone saying something in a foreign language, then you will put whatever was said in the original language, then press return, and then provide the translation.
-<nowiki>https://www.mylife.com/joe-mcphail/e527149862112</nowiki>
+For the second option, you will click on the "Insert" dropdown, then "Template". If you are quoting something in English, then you will search for the "Doc_quote_single_lang", to which then a template with an input field to type out what the document says will be given. Generally the text of a document should already be written on its Multimedia page, and you should just be able to copy it from there.Then there is the time when you have writing in a foreign language. In this case the template that you will be searching for is called "Doc_quote_multi_lang". For both the first and second templates, the first text box is the "content1" field. Then for the second template, it is "content2". Unfortunately you cannot use the toolbar from the editor and so will have to use sets of symbols and other html tags to format the text. These include:
-<nowiki>https://the110club.com/oldest-living-men-in-the-usa-by-state-t29884-s90.html</nowiki>
+* : - indentation (the tab button)
+*<nowiki><b></b></nowiki> - '''Bold'''
+*<nowiki><i></i></nowiki> - ''Italic''
+*<nowiki><sup></sup></nowiki> - <sup>Superscript</sup>
+*<nowiki><sub></sub></nowiki> - <sub>Subscript</sub>
+*<nowiki><u></u></nowiki> - <u>Underline</u>
+*<nowiki><s></s></nowiki> - <s>Strikethrough</s>
-<nowiki>https://wingsoverhouston.com/show-info/legends-heroes/</nowiki>
+There are other tags that you could find and use if you need. Finally you can combine the tags (put one set into another) to form a combination, like "<nowiki><b><s>Hello</s></nowiki><nowiki></b></nowiki>" for '''<s>Hello</s>'''.
-<nowiki>https://www.tiktok.com/@kiplinggg92/video/7299848741333306670</nowiki>
+Another thing about quoting is the use of specific characters. If in a text a specific character is uesd, it should be represented as such. If in the case where you have someone who writes their i's without the dot like this: ı, then you have the choice to write either way, such as "lıfted", or "lifted".
-=== 2015 - WWII vets witness historic flight from Houston in their honor ===
+==Submitting articles==
-<nowiki>https://www.chron.com/life/article/WW-II-vets-witness-historic-flight-from-Houston-6135410.php</nowiki>
+To submit a new article or an edit, you must click on the "Save changes..." or "Save page..." button, which will bring a pop-up. This will include a text box where you can detail the edits you have made. If you are saving changes to an edit, this will include an option in the pop-up to indicate that this edit was a "Minor edit". A minor edit is an edit that doesn’t really change the debate of the subject, such as a grammatical or spelling error, or in some cases rewording something (where it doesn’t change the meaning but makes more sense). However if a change becomes long enough it should not count as a minor edit.
-*